path: root/UefiCpuPkg/PiSmmCpuDxeSmm/X64/PageTbl.c

/** @file
Page Fault (#PF) handler for X64 processors

Copyright (c) 2009 - 2019, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.<BR>
Copyright (c) 2017, AMD Incorporated. All rights reserved.<BR>

SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-Patent

**/

#include "PiSmmCpuDxeSmm.h"

#define PAGE_TABLE_PAGES            8
#define ACC_MAX_BIT                 BIT3

extern UINTN mSmmShadowStackSize;

LIST_ENTRY                          mPagePool = INITIALIZE_LIST_HEAD_VARIABLE (mPagePool);
BOOLEAN                             m1GPageTableSupport = FALSE;
BOOLEAN                             mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess;
BOOLEAN                             m5LevelPagingNeeded;
X86_ASSEMBLY_PATCH_LABEL            gPatch5LevelPagingNeeded;

/**
  Disable CET.
**/
VOID
EFIAPI
DisableCet (
  VOID
  );

/**
  Enable CET.
**/
VOID
EFIAPI
EnableCet (
  VOID
  );

/**
  Check if 1-GByte pages is supported by processor or not.

  @retval TRUE   1-GByte pages is supported.
  @retval FALSE  1-GByte pages is not supported.

**/
BOOLEAN
Is1GPageSupport (
  VOID
  )
{
  UINT32         RegEax;
  UINT32         RegEdx;

  AsmCpuid (0x80000000, &RegEax, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  if (RegEax >= 0x80000001) {
    AsmCpuid (0x80000001, NULL, NULL, NULL, &RegEdx);
    if ((RegEdx & BIT26) != 0) {
      return TRUE;
    }
  }
  return FALSE;
}

/**
  The routine returns TRUE when CPU supports it (CPUID[7,0].ECX.BIT[16] is set) and
  the max physical address bits is bigger than 48. Because 4-level paging can support
  to address physical address up to 2^48 - 1, there is no need to enable 5-level paging
  with max physical address bits <= 48.

  @retval TRUE  5-level paging enabling is needed.
  @retval FALSE 5-level paging enabling is not needed.
**/
BOOLEAN
Is5LevelPagingNeeded (
  VOID
  )
{
  CPUID_VIR_PHY_ADDRESS_SIZE_EAX              VirPhyAddressSize;
  CPUID_STRUCTURED_EXTENDED_FEATURE_FLAGS_ECX ExtFeatureEcx;
  UINT32                                      MaxExtendedFunctionId;

  AsmCpuid (CPUID_EXTENDED_FUNCTION, &MaxExtendedFunctionId, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  if (MaxExtendedFunctionId >= CPUID_VIR_PHY_ADDRESS_SIZE) {
    AsmCpuid (CPUID_VIR_PHY_ADDRESS_SIZE, &VirPhyAddressSize.Uint32, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  } else {
    VirPhyAddressSize.Bits.PhysicalAddressBits = 36;
  }
  AsmCpuidEx (
    CPUID_STRUCTURED_EXTENDED_FEATURE_FLAGS,
    CPUID_STRUCTURED_EXTENDED_FEATURE_FLAGS_SUB_LEAF_INFO,
    NULL, NULL, &ExtFeatureEcx.Uint32, NULL
    );
  DEBUG ((
    DEBUG_INFO, "PhysicalAddressBits = %d, 5LPageTable = %d.\n",
    VirPhyAddressSize.Bits.PhysicalAddressBits, ExtFeatureEcx.Bits.FiveLevelPage
    ));

  if (VirPhyAddressSize.Bits.PhysicalAddressBits > 4 * 9 + 12) {
    ASSERT (ExtFeatureEcx.Bits.FiveLevelPage == 1);
    return TRUE;
  } else {
    return FALSE;
  }
}

/**
  Get page table base address and the depth of the page table.

  @param[out] Base        Page table base address.
  @param[out] FiveLevels  TRUE means 5 level paging. FALSE means 4 level paging.
**/
VOID
GetPageTable (
  OUT UINTN   *Base,
  OUT BOOLEAN *FiveLevels OPTIONAL
  )
{
  IA32_CR4 Cr4;

  if (mInternalCr3 == 0) {
    *Base = AsmReadCr3 () & PAGING_4K_ADDRESS_MASK_64;
    if (FiveLevels != NULL) {
      Cr4.UintN = AsmReadCr4 ();
      *FiveLevels = (BOOLEAN)(Cr4.Bits.LA57 == 1);
    }
    return;
  }

  *Base = mInternalCr3;
  if (FiveLevels != NULL) {
    *FiveLevels = m5LevelPagingNeeded;
  }
}

/**
  Set sub-entries number in entry.

  @param[in, out] Entry        Pointer to entry
  @param[in]      SubEntryNum  Sub-entries number based on 0:
                               0 means there is 1 sub-entry under this entry
                               0x1ff means there is 512 sub-entries under this entry

**/
VOID
SetSubEntriesNum (
  IN OUT UINT64               *Entry,
  IN     UINT64               SubEntryNum
  )
{
  //
  // Sub-entries number is saved in BIT52 to BIT60 (reserved field) in Entry
  //
  *Entry = BitFieldWrite64 (*Entry, 52, 60, SubEntryNum);
}

/**
  Return sub-entries number in entry.

  @param[in] Entry        Pointer to entry

  @return Sub-entries number based on 0:
          0 means there is 1 sub-entry under this entry
          0x1ff means there is 512 sub-entries under this entry
**/
UINT64
GetSubEntriesNum (
  IN UINT64            *Entry
  )
{
  //
  // Sub-entries number is saved in BIT52 to BIT60 (reserved field) in Entry
  //
  return BitFieldRead64 (*Entry, 52, 60);
}

/**
  Calculate the maximum support address.

  @return the maximum support address.
**/
UINT8
CalculateMaximumSupportAddress (
  VOID
  )
{
  UINT32                                        RegEax;
  UINT8                                         PhysicalAddressBits;
  VOID                                          *Hob;

  //
  // Get physical address bits supported.
  //
  Hob = GetFirstHob (EFI_HOB_TYPE_CPU);
  if (Hob != NULL) {
    PhysicalAddressBits = ((EFI_HOB_CPU *) Hob)->SizeOfMemorySpace;
  } else {
    AsmCpuid (0x80000000, &RegEax, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    if (RegEax >= 0x80000008) {
      AsmCpuid (0x80000008, &RegEax, NULL, NULL, NULL);
      PhysicalAddressBits = (UINT8) RegEax;
    } else {
      PhysicalAddressBits = 36;
    }
  }
  return PhysicalAddressBits;
}

/**
  Set static page table.

  @param[in] PageTable     Address of page table.
**/
VOID
SetStaticPageTable (
  IN UINTN               PageTable
  )
{
  UINT64                                        PageAddress;
  UINTN                                         NumberOfPml5EntriesNeeded;
  UINTN                                         NumberOfPml4EntriesNeeded;
  UINTN                                         NumberOfPdpEntriesNeeded;
  UINTN                                         IndexOfPml5Entries;
  UINTN                                         IndexOfPml4Entries;
  UINTN                                         IndexOfPdpEntries;
  UINTN                                         IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries;
  UINT64                                        *PageMapLevel5Entry;
  UINT64                                        *PageMapLevel4Entry;
  UINT64                                        *PageMap;
  UINT64                                        *PageDirectoryPointerEntry;
  UINT64                                        *PageDirectory1GEntry;
  UINT64                                        *PageDirectoryEntry;

  //
  // IA-32e paging translates 48-bit linear addresses to 52-bit physical addresses
  //  when 5-Level Paging is disabled.
  //
  ASSERT (mPhysicalAddressBits <= 52);
  if (!m5LevelPagingNeeded && mPhysicalAddressBits > 48) {
    mPhysicalAddressBits = 48;
  }

  NumberOfPml5EntriesNeeded = 1;
  if (mPhysicalAddressBits > 48) {
    NumberOfPml5EntriesNeeded = (UINTN) LShiftU64 (1, mPhysicalAddressBits - 48);
    mPhysicalAddressBits = 48;
  }

  NumberOfPml4EntriesNeeded = 1;
  if (mPhysicalAddressBits > 39) {
    NumberOfPml4EntriesNeeded = (UINTN) LShiftU64 (1, mPhysicalAddressBits - 39);
    mPhysicalAddressBits = 39;
  }

  NumberOfPdpEntriesNeeded = 1;
  ASSERT (mPhysicalAddressBits > 30);
  NumberOfPdpEntriesNeeded = (UINTN) LShiftU64 (1, mPhysicalAddressBits - 30);

  //
  // By architecture only one PageMapLevel4 exists - so lets allocate storage for it.
  //
  PageMap         = (VOID *) PageTable;

  PageMapLevel4Entry = PageMap;
  PageMapLevel5Entry = NULL;
  if (m5LevelPagingNeeded) {
    //
    // By architecture only one PageMapLevel5 exists - so lets allocate storage for it.
    //
    PageMapLevel5Entry = PageMap;
  }
  PageAddress        = 0;

  for ( IndexOfPml5Entries = 0
      ; IndexOfPml5Entries < NumberOfPml5EntriesNeeded
      ; IndexOfPml5Entries++, PageMapLevel5Entry++) {
    //
    // Each PML5 entry points to a page of PML4 entires.
    // So lets allocate space for them and fill them in in the IndexOfPml4Entries loop.
    // When 5-Level Paging is disabled, below allocation happens only once.
    //
    if (m5LevelPagingNeeded) {
      PageMapLevel4Entry = (UINT64 *) ((*PageMapLevel5Entry) & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask);
      if (PageMapLevel4Entry == NULL) {
        PageMapLevel4Entry = AllocatePageTableMemory (1);
        ASSERT(PageMapLevel4Entry != NULL);
        ZeroMem (PageMapLevel4Entry, EFI_PAGES_TO_SIZE(1));

        *PageMapLevel5Entry = (UINT64)(UINTN)PageMapLevel4Entry | mAddressEncMask | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
      }
    }

    for (IndexOfPml4Entries = 0; IndexOfPml4Entries < (NumberOfPml5EntriesNeeded == 1 ? NumberOfPml4EntriesNeeded : 512); IndexOfPml4Entries++, PageMapLevel4Entry++) {
      //
      // Each PML4 entry points to a page of Page Directory Pointer entries.
      //
      PageDirectoryPointerEntry = (UINT64 *) ((*PageMapLevel4Entry) & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask);
      if (PageDirectoryPointerEntry == NULL) {
        PageDirectoryPointerEntry = AllocatePageTableMemory (1);
        ASSERT(PageDirectoryPointerEntry != NULL);
        ZeroMem (PageDirectoryPointerEntry, EFI_PAGES_TO_SIZE(1));

        *PageMapLevel4Entry = (UINT64)(UINTN)PageDirectoryPointerEntry | mAddressEncMask | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
      }

      if (m1GPageTableSupport) {
        PageDirectory1GEntry = PageDirectoryPointerEntry;
        for (IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries = 0; IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries < 512; IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries++, PageDirectory1GEntry++, PageAddress += SIZE_1GB) {
          if (IndexOfPml4Entries == 0 && IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries < 4) {
            //
            // Skip the < 4G entries
            //
            continue;
          }
          //
          // Fill in the Page Directory entries
          //
          *PageDirectory1GEntry = PageAddress | mAddressEncMask | IA32_PG_PS | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
        }
      } else {
        PageAddress = BASE_4GB;
        for (IndexOfPdpEntries = 0; IndexOfPdpEntries < (NumberOfPml4EntriesNeeded == 1 ? NumberOfPdpEntriesNeeded : 512); IndexOfPdpEntries++, PageDirectoryPointerEntry++) {
          if (IndexOfPml4Entries == 0 && IndexOfPdpEntries < 4) {
            //
            // Skip the < 4G entries
            //
            continue;
          }
          //
          // Each Directory Pointer entries points to a page of Page Directory entires.
          // So allocate space for them and fill them in in the IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries loop.
          //
          PageDirectoryEntry = (UINT64 *) ((*PageDirectoryPointerEntry) & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask);
          if (PageDirectoryEntry == NULL) {
            PageDirectoryEntry = AllocatePageTableMemory (1);
            ASSERT(PageDirectoryEntry != NULL);
            ZeroMem (PageDirectoryEntry, EFI_PAGES_TO_SIZE(1));

            //
            // Fill in a Page Directory Pointer Entries
            //
            *PageDirectoryPointerEntry = (UINT64)(UINTN)PageDirectoryEntry | mAddressEncMask | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
          }

          for (IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries = 0; IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries < 512; IndexOfPageDirectoryEntries++, PageDirectoryEntry++, PageAddress += SIZE_2MB) {
            //
            // Fill in the Page Directory entries
            //
            *PageDirectoryEntry = PageAddress | mAddressEncMask | IA32_PG_PS | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
  Create PageTable for SMM use.

  @return The address of PML4 (to set CR3).

**/
UINT32
SmmInitPageTable (
  VOID
  )
{
  EFI_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS              Pages;
  UINT64                            *PTEntry;
  LIST_ENTRY                        *FreePage;
  UINTN                             Index;
  UINTN                             PageFaultHandlerHookAddress;
  IA32_IDT_GATE_DESCRIPTOR          *IdtEntry;
  EFI_STATUS                        Status;
  UINT64                            *Pml4Entry;
  UINT64                            *Pml5Entry;

  //
  // Initialize spin lock
  //
  InitializeSpinLock (mPFLock);

  mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess = PcdGetBool (PcdCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess);
  m1GPageTableSupport           = Is1GPageSupport ();
  m5LevelPagingNeeded           = Is5LevelPagingNeeded ();
  mPhysicalAddressBits          = CalculateMaximumSupportAddress ();
  PatchInstructionX86 (gPatch5LevelPagingNeeded, m5LevelPagingNeeded, 1);
  DEBUG ((DEBUG_INFO, "5LevelPaging Needed             - %d\n", m5LevelPagingNeeded));
  DEBUG ((DEBUG_INFO, "1GPageTable Support             - %d\n", m1GPageTableSupport));
  DEBUG ((DEBUG_INFO, "PcdCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess - %d\n", mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess));
  DEBUG ((DEBUG_INFO, "PhysicalAddressBits             - %d\n", mPhysicalAddressBits));
  //
  // Generate PAE page table for the first 4GB memory space
  //
  Pages = Gen4GPageTable (FALSE);

  //
  // Set IA32_PG_PMNT bit to mask this entry
  //
  PTEntry = (UINT64*)(UINTN)Pages;
  for (Index = 0; Index < 4; Index++) {
    PTEntry[Index] |= IA32_PG_PMNT;
  }

  //
  // Fill Page-Table-Level4 (PML4) entry
  //
  Pml4Entry = (UINT64*)AllocatePageTableMemory (1);
  ASSERT (Pml4Entry != NULL);
  *Pml4Entry = Pages | mAddressEncMask | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
  ZeroMem (Pml4Entry + 1, EFI_PAGE_SIZE - sizeof (*Pml4Entry));

  //
  // Set sub-entries number
  //
  SetSubEntriesNum (Pml4Entry, 3);
  PTEntry = Pml4Entry;

  if (m5LevelPagingNeeded) {
    //
    // Fill PML5 entry
    //
    Pml5Entry = (UINT64*)AllocatePageTableMemory (1);
    ASSERT (Pml5Entry != NULL);
    *Pml5Entry = (UINTN) Pml4Entry | mAddressEncMask | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
    ZeroMem (Pml5Entry + 1, EFI_PAGE_SIZE - sizeof (*Pml5Entry));
    //
    // Set sub-entries number
    //
    SetSubEntriesNum (Pml5Entry, 1);
    PTEntry = Pml5Entry;
  }

  if (mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess) {
    //
    // When access to non-SMRAM memory is restricted, create page table
    // that covers all memory space.
    //
    SetStaticPageTable ((UINTN)PTEntry);
  } else {
    //
    // Add pages to page pool
    //
    FreePage = (LIST_ENTRY*)AllocatePageTableMemory (PAGE_TABLE_PAGES);
    ASSERT (FreePage != NULL);
    for (Index = 0; Index < PAGE_TABLE_PAGES; Index++) {
      InsertTailList (&mPagePool, FreePage);
      FreePage += EFI_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof (*FreePage);
    }
  }

  if (FeaturePcdGet (PcdCpuSmmProfileEnable) ||
      HEAP_GUARD_NONSTOP_MODE ||
      NULL_DETECTION_NONSTOP_MODE) {
    //
    // Set own Page Fault entry instead of the default one, because SMM Profile
    // feature depends on IRET instruction to do Single Step
    //
    PageFaultHandlerHookAddress = (UINTN)PageFaultIdtHandlerSmmProfile;
    IdtEntry  = (IA32_IDT_GATE_DESCRIPTOR *) gcSmiIdtr.Base;
    IdtEntry += EXCEPT_IA32_PAGE_FAULT;
    IdtEntry->Bits.OffsetLow      = (UINT16)PageFaultHandlerHookAddress;
    IdtEntry->Bits.Reserved_0     = 0;
    IdtEntry->Bits.GateType       = IA32_IDT_GATE_TYPE_INTERRUPT_32;
    IdtEntry->Bits.OffsetHigh     = (UINT16)(PageFaultHandlerHookAddress >> 16);
    IdtEntry->Bits.OffsetUpper    = (UINT32)(PageFaultHandlerHookAddress >> 32);
    IdtEntry->Bits.Reserved_1     = 0;
  } else {
    //
    // Register Smm Page Fault Handler
    //
    Status = SmmRegisterExceptionHandler (&mSmmCpuService, EXCEPT_IA32_PAGE_FAULT, SmiPFHandler);
    ASSERT_EFI_ERROR (Status);
  }

  //
  // Additional SMM IDT initialization for SMM stack guard
  //
  if (FeaturePcdGet (PcdCpuSmmStackGuard)) {
    InitializeIDTSmmStackGuard ();
  }

  //
  // Return the address of PML4/PML5 (to set CR3)
  //
  return (UINT32)(UINTN)PTEntry;
}

/**
  Set access record in entry.

  @param[in, out] Entry        Pointer to entry
  @param[in]      Acc          Access record value

**/
VOID
SetAccNum (
  IN OUT UINT64               *Entry,
  IN     UINT64               Acc
  )
{
  //
  // Access record is saved in BIT9 to BIT11 (reserved field) in Entry
  //
  *Entry = BitFieldWrite64 (*Entry, 9, 11, Acc);
}

/**
  Return access record in entry.

  @param[in] Entry        Pointer to entry

  @return Access record value.

**/
UINT64
GetAccNum (
  IN UINT64            *Entry
  )
{
  //
  // Access record is saved in BIT9 to BIT11 (reserved field) in Entry
  //
  return BitFieldRead64 (*Entry, 9, 11);
}

/**
  Return and update the access record in entry.

  @param[in, out]  Entry    Pointer to entry

  @return Access record value.

**/
UINT64
GetAndUpdateAccNum (
  IN OUT UINT64      *Entry
  )
{
  UINT64         Acc;

  Acc = GetAccNum (Entry);
  if ((*Entry & IA32_PG_A) != 0) {
    //
    // If this entry has been accessed, clear access flag in Entry and update access record
    // to the initial value 7, adding ACC_MAX_BIT is to make it larger than others
    //
    *Entry &= ~(UINT64)(UINTN)IA32_PG_A;
    SetAccNum (Entry, 0x7);
    return (0x7 + ACC_MAX_BIT);
  } else {
    if (Acc != 0) {
      //
      // If the access record is not the smallest value 0, minus 1 and update the access record field
      //
      SetAccNum (Entry, Acc - 1);
    }
  }
  return Acc;
}

/**
  Reclaim free pages for PageFault handler.

  Search the whole entries tree to find the leaf entry that has the smallest
  access record value. Insert the page pointed by this leaf entry into the
  page pool. And check its upper entries if need to be inserted into the page
  pool or not.

**/
VOID
ReclaimPages (
  VOID
  )
{
  UINT64                       Pml5Entry;
  UINT64                       *Pml5;
  UINT64                       *Pml4;
  UINT64                       *Pdpt;
  UINT64                       *Pdt;
  UINTN                        Pml5Index;
  UINTN                        Pml4Index;
  UINTN                        PdptIndex;
  UINTN                        PdtIndex;
  UINTN                        MinPml5;
  UINTN                        MinPml4;
  UINTN                        MinPdpt;
  UINTN                        MinPdt;
  UINT64                       MinAcc;
  UINT64                       Acc;
  UINT64                       SubEntriesNum;
  BOOLEAN                      PML4EIgnore;
  BOOLEAN                      PDPTEIgnore;
  UINT64                       *ReleasePageAddress;
  IA32_CR4                     Cr4;
  BOOLEAN                      Enable5LevelPaging;
  UINT64                       PFAddress;
  UINT64                       PFAddressPml5Index;
  UINT64                       PFAddressPml4Index;
  UINT64                       PFAddressPdptIndex;
  UINT64                       PFAddressPdtIndex;

  Pml4 = NULL;
  Pdpt = NULL;
  Pdt  = NULL;
  MinAcc  = (UINT64)-1;
  MinPml4 = (UINTN)-1;
  MinPml5 = (UINTN)-1;
  MinPdpt = (UINTN)-1;
  MinPdt  = (UINTN)-1;
  Acc     = 0;
  ReleasePageAddress = 0;
  PFAddress = AsmReadCr2 ();
  PFAddressPml5Index = BitFieldRead64 (PFAddress, 48, 48 + 8);
  PFAddressPml4Index = BitFieldRead64 (PFAddress, 39, 39 + 8);
  PFAddressPdptIndex = BitFieldRead64 (PFAddress, 30, 30 + 8);
  PFAddressPdtIndex = BitFieldRead64 (PFAddress, 21, 21 + 8);

  Cr4.UintN = AsmReadCr4 ();
  Enable5LevelPaging = (BOOLEAN) (Cr4.Bits.LA57 == 1);
  Pml5 = (UINT64*)(UINTN)(AsmReadCr3 () & gPhyMask);

  if (!Enable5LevelPaging) {
    //
    // Create one fake PML5 entry for 4-Level Paging
    // so that the page table parsing logic only handles 5-Level page structure.
    //
    Pml5Entry = (UINTN) Pml5 | IA32_PG_P;
    Pml5 = &Pml5Entry;
  }

  //
  // First, find the leaf entry has the smallest access record value
  //
  for (Pml5Index = 0; Pml5Index < (Enable5LevelPaging ? (EFI_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof (*Pml4)) : 1); Pml5Index++) {
    if ((Pml5[Pml5Index] & IA32_PG_P) == 0 || (Pml5[Pml5Index] & IA32_PG_PMNT) != 0) {
      //
      // If the PML5 entry is not present or is masked, skip it
      //
      continue;
    }
    Pml4 = (UINT64*)(UINTN)(Pml5[Pml5Index] & gPhyMask);
    for (Pml4Index = 0; Pml4Index < EFI_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof (*Pml4); Pml4Index++) {
      if ((Pml4[Pml4Index] & IA32_PG_P) == 0 || (Pml4[Pml4Index] & IA32_PG_PMNT) != 0) {
        //
        // If the PML4 entry is not present or is masked, skip it
        //
        continue;
      }
      Pdpt = (UINT64*)(UINTN)(Pml4[Pml4Index] & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask);
      PML4EIgnore = FALSE;
      for (PdptIndex = 0; PdptIndex < EFI_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof (*Pdpt); PdptIndex++) {
        if ((Pdpt[PdptIndex] & IA32_PG_P) == 0 || (Pdpt[PdptIndex] & IA32_PG_PMNT) != 0) {
          //
          // If the PDPT entry is not present or is masked, skip it
          //
          if ((Pdpt[PdptIndex] & IA32_PG_PMNT) != 0) {
            //
            // If the PDPT entry is masked, we will ignore checking the PML4 entry
            //
            PML4EIgnore = TRUE;
          }
          continue;
        }
        if ((Pdpt[PdptIndex] & IA32_PG_PS) == 0) {
          //
          // It's not 1-GByte pages entry, it should be a PDPT entry,
          // we will not check PML4 entry more
          //
          PML4EIgnore = TRUE;
          Pdt = (UINT64*)(UINTN)(Pdpt[PdptIndex] & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask);
          PDPTEIgnore = FALSE;
          for (PdtIndex = 0; PdtIndex < EFI_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(*Pdt); PdtIndex++) {
            if ((Pdt[PdtIndex] & IA32_PG_P) == 0 || (Pdt[PdtIndex] & IA32_PG_PMNT) != 0) {
              //
              // If the PD entry is not present or is masked, skip it
              //
              if ((Pdt[PdtIndex] & IA32_PG_PMNT) != 0) {
                //
                // If the PD entry is masked, we will not PDPT entry more
                //
                PDPTEIgnore = TRUE;
              }
              continue;
            }
            if ((Pdt[PdtIndex] & IA32_PG_PS) == 0) {
              //
              // It's not 2 MByte page table entry, it should be PD entry
              // we will find the entry has the smallest access record value
              //
              PDPTEIgnore = TRUE;
              if (PdtIndex != PFAddressPdtIndex || PdptIndex != PFAddressPdptIndex ||
                  Pml4Index != PFAddressPml4Index || Pml5Index != PFAddressPml5Index) {
                Acc = GetAndUpdateAccNum (Pdt + PdtIndex);
                if (Acc < MinAcc) {
                  //
                  // If the PD entry has the smallest access record value,
                  // save the Page address to be released
                  //
                  MinAcc  = Acc;
                  MinPml5 = Pml5Index;
                  MinPml4 = Pml4Index;
                  MinPdpt = PdptIndex;
                  MinPdt  = PdtIndex;
                  ReleasePageAddress = Pdt + PdtIndex;
                }
              }
            }
          }
          if (!PDPTEIgnore) {
            //
            // If this PDPT entry has no PDT entries pointer to 4 KByte pages,
            // it should only has the entries point to 2 MByte Pages
            //
            if (PdptIndex != PFAddressPdptIndex || Pml4Index != PFAddressPml4Index ||
                Pml5Index != PFAddressPml5Index) {
              Acc = GetAndUpdateAccNum (Pdpt + PdptIndex);
              if (Acc < MinAcc) {
                //
                // If the PDPT entry has the smallest access record value,
                // save the Page address to be released
                //
                MinAcc  = Acc;
                MinPml5 = Pml5Index;
                MinPml4 = Pml4Index;
                MinPdpt = PdptIndex;
                MinPdt  = (UINTN)-1;
                ReleasePageAddress = Pdpt + PdptIndex;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (!PML4EIgnore) {
        //
        // If PML4 entry has no the PDPT entry pointer to 2 MByte pages,
        // it should only has the entries point to 1 GByte Pages
        //
        if (Pml4Index != PFAddressPml4Index || Pml5Index != PFAddressPml5Index) {
          Acc = GetAndUpdateAccNum (Pml4 + Pml4Index);
          if (Acc < MinAcc) {
            //
            // If the PML4 entry has the smallest access record value,
            // save the Page address to be released
            //
            MinAcc  = Acc;
            MinPml5 = Pml5Index;
            MinPml4 = Pml4Index;
            MinPdpt = (UINTN)-1;
            MinPdt  = (UINTN)-1;
            ReleasePageAddress = Pml4 + Pml4Index;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  //
  // Make sure one PML4/PDPT/PD entry is selected
  //
  ASSERT (MinAcc != (UINT64)-1);

  //
  // Secondly, insert the page pointed by this entry into page pool and clear this entry
  //
  InsertTailList (&mPagePool, (LIST_ENTRY*)(UINTN)(*ReleasePageAddress & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask));
  *ReleasePageAddress = 0;

  //
  // Lastly, check this entry's upper entries if need to be inserted into page pool
  // or not
  //
  while (TRUE) {
    if (MinPdt != (UINTN)-1) {
      //
      // If 4 KByte Page Table is released, check the PDPT entry
      //
      Pml4 = (UINT64 *) (UINTN) (Pml5[MinPml5] & gPhyMask);
      Pdpt = (UINT64*)(UINTN)(Pml4[MinPml4] & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask);
      SubEntriesNum = GetSubEntriesNum(Pdpt + MinPdpt);
      if (SubEntriesNum == 0 &&
          (MinPdpt != PFAddressPdptIndex || MinPml4 != PFAddressPml4Index || MinPml5 != PFAddressPml5Index)) {
        //
        // Release the empty Page Directory table if there was no more 4 KByte Page Table entry
        // clear the Page directory entry
        //
        InsertTailList (&mPagePool, (LIST_ENTRY*)(UINTN)(Pdpt[MinPdpt] & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask));
        Pdpt[MinPdpt] = 0;
        //
        // Go on checking the PML4 table
        //
        MinPdt = (UINTN)-1;
        continue;
      }
      //
      // Update the sub-entries filed in PDPT entry and exit
      //
      SetSubEntriesNum (Pdpt + MinPdpt, (SubEntriesNum - 1) & 0x1FF);
      break;
    }
    if (MinPdpt != (UINTN)-1) {
      //
      // One 2MB Page Table is released or Page Directory table is released, check the PML4 entry
      //
      SubEntriesNum = GetSubEntriesNum (Pml4 + MinPml4);
      if (SubEntriesNum == 0 && (MinPml4 != PFAddressPml4Index || MinPml5 != PFAddressPml5Index)) {
        //
        // Release the empty PML4 table if there was no more 1G KByte Page Table entry
        // clear the Page directory entry
        //
        InsertTailList (&mPagePool, (LIST_ENTRY*)(UINTN)(Pml4[MinPml4] & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask));
        Pml4[MinPml4] = 0;
        MinPdpt = (UINTN)-1;
        continue;
      }
      //
      // Update the sub-entries filed in PML4 entry and exit
      //
      SetSubEntriesNum (Pml4 + MinPml4, (SubEntriesNum - 1) & 0x1FF);
      break;
    }
    //
    // PLM4 table has been released before, exit it
    //
    break;
  }
}

/**
  Allocate free Page for PageFault handler use.

  @return Page address.

**/
UINT64
AllocPage (
  VOID
  )
{
  UINT64                            RetVal;

  if (IsListEmpty (&mPagePool)) {
    //
    // If page pool is empty, reclaim the used pages and insert one into page pool
    //
    ReclaimPages ();
  }

  //
  // Get one free page and remove it from page pool
  //
  RetVal = (UINT64)(UINTN)mPagePool.ForwardLink;
  RemoveEntryList (mPagePool.ForwardLink);
  //
  // Clean this page and return
  //
  ZeroMem ((VOID*)(UINTN)RetVal, EFI_PAGE_SIZE);
  return RetVal;
}

/**
  Page Fault handler for SMM use.

**/
VOID
SmiDefaultPFHandler (
  VOID
  )
{
  UINT64                            *PageTable;
  UINT64                            *PageTableTop;
  UINT64                            PFAddress;
  UINTN                             StartBit;
  UINTN                             EndBit;
  UINT64                            PTIndex;
  UINTN                             Index;
  SMM_PAGE_SIZE_TYPE                PageSize;
  UINTN                             NumOfPages;
  UINTN                             PageAttribute;
  EFI_STATUS                        Status;
  UINT64                            *UpperEntry;
  BOOLEAN                           Enable5LevelPaging;
  IA32_CR4                          Cr4;

  //
  // Set default SMM page attribute
  //
  PageSize = SmmPageSize2M;
  NumOfPages = 1;
  PageAttribute = 0;

  EndBit = 0;
  PageTableTop = (UINT64*)(AsmReadCr3 () & gPhyMask);
  PFAddress = AsmReadCr2 ();

  Cr4.UintN = AsmReadCr4 ();
  Enable5LevelPaging = (BOOLEAN) (Cr4.Bits.LA57 != 0);

  Status = GetPlatformPageTableAttribute (PFAddress, &PageSize, &NumOfPages, &PageAttribute);
  //
  // If platform not support page table attribute, set default SMM page attribute
  //
  if (Status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
    PageSize = SmmPageSize2M;
    NumOfPages = 1;
    PageAttribute = 0;
  }
  if (PageSize >= MaxSmmPageSizeType) {
    PageSize = SmmPageSize2M;
  }
  if (NumOfPages > 512) {
    NumOfPages = 512;
  }

  switch (PageSize) {
  case SmmPageSize4K:
    //
    // BIT12 to BIT20 is Page Table index
    //
    EndBit = 12;
    break;
  case SmmPageSize2M:
    //
    // BIT21 to BIT29 is Page Directory index
    //
    EndBit = 21;
    PageAttribute |= (UINTN)IA32_PG_PS;
    break;
  case SmmPageSize1G:
    if (!m1GPageTableSupport) {
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "1-GByte pages is not supported!"));
      ASSERT (FALSE);
    }
    //
    // BIT30 to BIT38 is Page Directory Pointer Table index
    //
    EndBit = 30;
    PageAttribute |= (UINTN)IA32_PG_PS;
    break;
  default:
    ASSERT (FALSE);
  }

  //
  // If execute-disable is enabled, set NX bit
  //
  if (mXdEnabled) {
    PageAttribute |= IA32_PG_NX;
  }

  for (Index = 0; Index < NumOfPages; Index++) {
    PageTable  = PageTableTop;
    UpperEntry = NULL;
    for (StartBit = Enable5LevelPaging ? 48 : 39; StartBit > EndBit; StartBit -= 9) {
      PTIndex = BitFieldRead64 (PFAddress, StartBit, StartBit + 8);
      if ((PageTable[PTIndex] & IA32_PG_P) == 0) {
        //
        // If the entry is not present, allocate one page from page pool for it
        //
        PageTable[PTIndex] = AllocPage () | mAddressEncMask | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
      } else {
        //
        // Save the upper entry address
        //
        UpperEntry = PageTable + PTIndex;
      }
      //
      // BIT9 to BIT11 of entry is used to save access record,
      // initialize value is 7
      //
      PageTable[PTIndex] |= (UINT64)IA32_PG_A;
      SetAccNum (PageTable + PTIndex, 7);
      PageTable = (UINT64*)(UINTN)(PageTable[PTIndex] & ~mAddressEncMask & gPhyMask);
    }

    PTIndex = BitFieldRead64 (PFAddress, StartBit, StartBit + 8);
    if ((PageTable[PTIndex] & IA32_PG_P) != 0) {
      //
      // Check if the entry has already existed, this issue may occur when the different
      // size page entries created under the same entry
      //
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "PageTable = %lx, PTIndex = %x, PageTable[PTIndex] = %lx\n", PageTable, PTIndex, PageTable[PTIndex]));
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "New page table overlapped with old page table!\n"));
      ASSERT (FALSE);
    }
    //
    // Fill the new entry
    //
    PageTable[PTIndex] = ((PFAddress | mAddressEncMask) & gPhyMask & ~((1ull << EndBit) - 1)) |
                         PageAttribute | IA32_PG_A | PAGE_ATTRIBUTE_BITS;
    if (UpperEntry != NULL) {
      SetSubEntriesNum (UpperEntry, (GetSubEntriesNum (UpperEntry) + 1) & 0x1FF);
    }
    //
    // Get the next page address if we need to create more page tables
    //
    PFAddress += (1ull << EndBit);
  }
}

/**
  ThePage Fault handler wrapper for SMM use.

  @param  InterruptType    Defines the type of interrupt or exception that
                           occurred on the processor.This parameter is processor architecture specific.
  @param  SystemContext    A pointer to the processor context when
                           the interrupt occurred on the processor.
**/
VOID
EFIAPI
SmiPFHandler (
  IN EFI_EXCEPTION_TYPE   InterruptType,
  IN EFI_SYSTEM_CONTEXT   SystemContext
  )
{
  UINTN             PFAddress;
  UINTN             GuardPageAddress;
  UINTN             ShadowStackGuardPageAddress;
  UINTN             CpuIndex;

  ASSERT (InterruptType == EXCEPT_IA32_PAGE_FAULT);

  AcquireSpinLock (mPFLock);

  PFAddress = AsmReadCr2 ();

  if (mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess && (PFAddress >= LShiftU64 (1, (mPhysicalAddressBits - 1)))) {
    DumpCpuContext (InterruptType, SystemContext);
    DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "Do not support address 0x%lx by processor!\n", PFAddress));
    CpuDeadLoop ();
    goto Exit;
  }

  //
  // If a page fault occurs in SMRAM range, it might be in a SMM stack/shadow stack guard page,
  // or SMM page protection violation.
  //
  if ((PFAddress >= mCpuHotPlugData.SmrrBase) &&
      (PFAddress < (mCpuHotPlugData.SmrrBase + mCpuHotPlugData.SmrrSize))) {
    DumpCpuContext (InterruptType, SystemContext);
    CpuIndex = GetCpuIndex ();
    GuardPageAddress = (mSmmStackArrayBase + EFI_PAGE_SIZE + CpuIndex * (mSmmStackSize + mSmmShadowStackSize));
    ShadowStackGuardPageAddress = (mSmmStackArrayBase + mSmmStackSize + EFI_PAGE_SIZE + CpuIndex * (mSmmStackSize + mSmmShadowStackSize));
    if ((FeaturePcdGet (PcdCpuSmmStackGuard)) &&
        (PFAddress >= GuardPageAddress) &&
        (PFAddress < (GuardPageAddress + EFI_PAGE_SIZE))) {
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "SMM stack overflow!\n"));
    } else if ((FeaturePcdGet (PcdCpuSmmStackGuard)) &&
        (mSmmShadowStackSize > 0) &&
        (PFAddress >= ShadowStackGuardPageAddress) &&
        (PFAddress < (ShadowStackGuardPageAddress + EFI_PAGE_SIZE))) {
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "SMM shadow stack overflow!\n"));
    } else {
      if ((SystemContext.SystemContextX64->ExceptionData & IA32_PF_EC_ID) != 0) {
        DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "SMM exception at execution (0x%lx)\n", PFAddress));
        DEBUG_CODE (
          DumpModuleInfoByIp (*(UINTN *)(UINTN)SystemContext.SystemContextX64->Rsp);
        );
      } else {
        DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "SMM exception at access (0x%lx)\n", PFAddress));
        DEBUG_CODE (
          DumpModuleInfoByIp ((UINTN)SystemContext.SystemContextX64->Rip);
        );
      }

      if (HEAP_GUARD_NONSTOP_MODE) {
        GuardPagePFHandler (SystemContext.SystemContextX64->ExceptionData);
        goto Exit;
      }
    }
    CpuDeadLoop ();
    goto Exit;
  }

  //
  // If a page fault occurs in non-SMRAM range.
  //
  if ((PFAddress < mCpuHotPlugData.SmrrBase) ||
      (PFAddress >= mCpuHotPlugData.SmrrBase + mCpuHotPlugData.SmrrSize)) {
    if ((SystemContext.SystemContextX64->ExceptionData & IA32_PF_EC_ID) != 0) {
      DumpCpuContext (InterruptType, SystemContext);
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "Code executed on IP(0x%lx) out of SMM range after SMM is locked!\n", PFAddress));
      DEBUG_CODE (
        DumpModuleInfoByIp (*(UINTN *)(UINTN)SystemContext.SystemContextX64->Rsp);
      );
      CpuDeadLoop ();
      goto Exit;
    }

    //
    // If NULL pointer was just accessed
    //
    if ((PcdGet8 (PcdNullPointerDetectionPropertyMask) & BIT1) != 0 &&
        (PFAddress < EFI_PAGE_SIZE)) {
      DumpCpuContext (InterruptType, SystemContext);
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "!!! NULL pointer access !!!\n"));
      DEBUG_CODE (
        DumpModuleInfoByIp ((UINTN)SystemContext.SystemContextX64->Rip);
      );

      if (NULL_DETECTION_NONSTOP_MODE) {
        GuardPagePFHandler (SystemContext.SystemContextX64->ExceptionData);
        goto Exit;
      }

      CpuDeadLoop ();
      goto Exit;
    }

    if (mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess && IsSmmCommBufferForbiddenAddress (PFAddress)) {
      DumpCpuContext (InterruptType, SystemContext);
      DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, "Access SMM communication forbidden address (0x%lx)!\n", PFAddress));
      DEBUG_CODE (
        DumpModuleInfoByIp ((UINTN)SystemContext.SystemContextX64->Rip);
      );
      CpuDeadLoop ();
      goto Exit;
    }
  }

  if (FeaturePcdGet (PcdCpuSmmProfileEnable)) {
    SmmProfilePFHandler (
      SystemContext.SystemContextX64->Rip,
      SystemContext.SystemContextX64->ExceptionData
      );
  } else {
    SmiDefaultPFHandler ();
  }

Exit:
  ReleaseSpinLock (mPFLock);
}

/**
  This function sets memory attribute for page table.
**/
VOID
SetPageTableAttributes (
  VOID
  )
{
  UINTN                 Index2;
  UINTN                 Index3;
  UINTN                 Index4;
  UINTN                 Index5;
  UINT64                *L1PageTable;
  UINT64                *L2PageTable;
  UINT64                *L3PageTable;
  UINT64                *L4PageTable;
  UINT64                *L5PageTable;
  UINTN                 PageTableBase;
  BOOLEAN               IsSplitted;
  BOOLEAN               PageTableSplitted;
  BOOLEAN               CetEnabled;
  BOOLEAN               Enable5LevelPaging;

  //
  // Don't mark page table memory as read-only if
  //  - no restriction on access to non-SMRAM memory; or
  //  - SMM heap guard feature enabled; or
  //      BIT2: SMM page guard enabled
  //      BIT3: SMM pool guard enabled
  //  - SMM profile feature enabled
  //
  if (!mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess ||
      ((PcdGet8 (PcdHeapGuardPropertyMask) & (BIT3 | BIT2)) != 0) ||
      FeaturePcdGet (PcdCpuSmmProfileEnable)) {
    //
    // Restriction on access to non-SMRAM memory and heap guard could not be enabled at the same time.
    //
    ASSERT (!(mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess &&
              (PcdGet8 (PcdHeapGuardPropertyMask) & (BIT3 | BIT2)) != 0));

    //
    // Restriction on access to non-SMRAM memory and SMM profile could not be enabled at the same time.
    //
    ASSERT (!(mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess && FeaturePcdGet (PcdCpuSmmProfileEnable)));
    return ;
  }

  DEBUG ((DEBUG_INFO, "SetPageTableAttributes\n"));

  //
  // Disable write protection, because we need mark page table to be write protected.
  // We need *write* page table memory, to mark itself to be *read only*.
  //
  CetEnabled = ((AsmReadCr4() & CR4_CET_ENABLE) != 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
  if (CetEnabled) {
    //
    // CET must be disabled if WP is disabled.
    //
    DisableCet();
  }
  AsmWriteCr0 (AsmReadCr0() & ~CR0_WP);

  do {
    DEBUG ((DEBUG_INFO, "Start...\n"));
    PageTableSplitted = FALSE;
    L5PageTable = NULL;

    GetPageTable (&PageTableBase, &Enable5LevelPaging);

    if (Enable5LevelPaging) {
      L5PageTable = (UINT64 *)PageTableBase;
      SmmSetMemoryAttributesEx ((EFI_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS)PageTableBase, SIZE_4KB, EFI_MEMORY_RO, &IsSplitted);
      PageTableSplitted = (PageTableSplitted || IsSplitted);
    }

    for (Index5 = 0; Index5 < (Enable5LevelPaging ? SIZE_4KB/sizeof(UINT64) : 1); Index5++) {
      if (Enable5LevelPaging) {
        L4PageTable = (UINT64 *)(UINTN)(L5PageTable[Index5] & ~mAddressEncMask & PAGING_4K_ADDRESS_MASK_64);
        if (L4PageTable == NULL) {
          continue;
        }
      } else {
        L4PageTable = (UINT64 *)PageTableBase;
      }
      SmmSetMemoryAttributesEx ((EFI_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS)(UINTN)L4PageTable, SIZE_4KB, EFI_MEMORY_RO, &IsSplitted);
      PageTableSplitted = (PageTableSplitted || IsSplitted);

      for (Index4 = 0; Index4 < SIZE_4KB/sizeof(UINT64); Index4++) {
        L3PageTable = (UINT64 *)(UINTN)(L4PageTable[Index4] & ~mAddressEncMask & PAGING_4K_ADDRESS_MASK_64);
        if (L3PageTable == NULL) {
          continue;
        }

        SmmSetMemoryAttributesEx ((EFI_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS)(UINTN)L3PageTable, SIZE_4KB, EFI_MEMORY_RO, &IsSplitted);
        PageTableSplitted = (PageTableSplitted || IsSplitted);

        for (Index3 = 0; Index3 < SIZE_4KB/sizeof(UINT64); Index3++) {
          if ((L3PageTable[Index3] & IA32_PG_PS) != 0) {
            // 1G
            continue;
          }
          L2PageTable = (UINT64 *)(UINTN)(L3PageTable[Index3] & ~mAddressEncMask & PAGING_4K_ADDRESS_MASK_64);
          if (L2PageTable == NULL) {
            continue;
          }

          SmmSetMemoryAttributesEx ((EFI_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS)(UINTN)L2PageTable, SIZE_4KB, EFI_MEMORY_RO, &IsSplitted);
          PageTableSplitted = (PageTableSplitted || IsSplitted);

          for (Index2 = 0; Index2 < SIZE_4KB/sizeof(UINT64); Index2++) {
            if ((L2PageTable[Index2] & IA32_PG_PS) != 0) {
              // 2M
              continue;
            }
            L1PageTable = (UINT64 *)(UINTN)(L2PageTable[Index2] & ~mAddressEncMask & PAGING_4K_ADDRESS_MASK_64);
            if (L1PageTable == NULL) {
              continue;
            }
            SmmSetMemoryAttributesEx ((EFI_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS)(UINTN)L1PageTable, SIZE_4KB, EFI_MEMORY_RO, &IsSplitted);
            PageTableSplitted = (PageTableSplitted || IsSplitted);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } while (PageTableSplitted);

  //
  // Enable write protection, after page table updated.
  //
  AsmWriteCr0 (AsmReadCr0() | CR0_WP);
  if (CetEnabled) {
    //
    // re-enable CET.
    //
    EnableCet();
  }

  return ;
}

/**
  This function reads CR2 register when on-demand paging is enabled.

  @param[out]  *Cr2  Pointer to variable to hold CR2 register value.
**/
VOID
SaveCr2 (
  OUT UINTN  *Cr2
  )
{
  if (!mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess) {
    //
    // On-demand paging is enabled when access to non-SMRAM is not restricted.
    //
    *Cr2 = AsmReadCr2 ();
  }
}

/**
  This function restores CR2 register when on-demand paging is enabled.

  @param[in]  Cr2  Value to write into CR2 register.
**/
VOID
RestoreCr2 (
  IN UINTN  Cr2
  )
{
  if (!mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess) {
    //
    // On-demand paging is enabled when access to non-SMRAM is not restricted.
    //
    AsmWriteCr2 (Cr2);
  }
}

/**
  Return whether access to non-SMRAM is restricted.

  @retval TRUE  Access to non-SMRAM is restricted.
  @retval FALSE Access to non-SMRAM is not restricted.
**/
BOOLEAN
IsRestrictedMemoryAccess (
  VOID
  )
{
  return mCpuSmmRestrictedMemoryAccess;
}