Introduction ============ The Linux kernel uses `Sphinx`_ to generate pretty documentation from `reStructuredText`_ files under ``Documentation``. To build the documentation in HTML or PDF formats, use ``make htmldocs`` or ``make pdfdocs``. The generated documentation is placed in ``Documentation/output``. .. _Sphinx: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/ .. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html The reStructuredText files may contain directives to include structured documentation comments, or kernel-doc comments, from source files. Usually these are used to describe the functions and types and design of the code. The kernel-doc comments have some special structure and formatting, but beyond that they are also treated as reStructuredText. Finally, there are thousands of plain text documentation files scattered around ``Documentation``. Some of these will likely be converted to reStructuredText over time, but the bulk of them will remain in plain text. .. _sphinx_install: Sphinx Install ============== The ReST markups currently used by the Documentation/ files are meant to be built with ``Sphinx`` version 1.3 or upper. If you're desiring to build PDF outputs, it is recommended to use version 1.4.6 or upper. There's a script that checks for the Spinx requirements. Please see :ref:`sphinx-pre-install` for further details. Most distributions are shipped with Sphinx, but its toolchain is fragile, and it is not uncommon that upgrading it or some other Python packages on your machine would cause the documentation build to break. A way to get rid of that is to use a different version than the one shipped on your distributions. In order to do that, it is recommended to install Sphinx inside a virtual environment, using ``virtualenv-3`` or ``virtualenv``, depending on how your distribution packaged Python 3. .. note:: #) Sphinx versions below 1.5 don't work properly with Python's docutils version 0.13.1 or upper. So, if you're willing to use those versions, you should run ``pip install 'docutils==0.12'``. #) It is recommended to use the RTD theme for html output. Depending on the Sphinx version, it should be installed in separate, with ``pip install sphinx_rtd_theme``. #) Some ReST pages contain math expressions. Due to the way Sphinx work, those expressions are written using LaTeX notation. It needs texlive installed with amdfonts and amsmath in order to evaluate them. In summary, if you want to install Sphinx version 1.4.9, you should do:: $ virtualenv sphinx_1.4 $ . sphinx_1.4/bin/activate (sphinx_1.4) $ pip install -r Documentation/sphinx/requirements.txt After running ``. sphinx_1.4/bin/activate``, the prompt will change, in order to indicate that you're using the new environment. If you open a new shell, you need to rerun this command to enter again at the virtual environment before building the documentation. Image output ------------ The kernel documentation build system contains an extension that handles images on both GraphViz and SVG formats (see :ref:`sphinx_kfigure`). For it to work, you need to install both GraphViz and ImageMagick packages. If those packages are not installed, the build system will still build the documentation, but won't include any images at the output. PDF and LaTeX builds -------------------- Such builds are currently supported only with Sphinx versions 1.4 and upper. For PDF and LaTeX output, you'll also need ``XeLaTeX`` version 3.14159265. Depending on the distribution, you may also need to install a series of ``texlive`` packages that provide the minimal set of functionalities required for ``XeLaTeX`` to work. .. _sphinx-pre-install: Checking for Sphinx dependencies -------------------------------- There's a script that automatically check for Sphinx dependencies. If it can recognize your distribution, it will also give a hint about the install command line options for your distro:: $ ./scripts/sphinx-pre-install Checking if the needed tools for Fedora release 26 (Twenty Six) are available Warning: better to also install "texlive-luatex85". You should run: sudo dnf install -y texlive-luatex85 /usr/bin/virtualenv sphinx_1.4 . sphinx_1.4/bin/activate pip install -r Documentation/sphinx/requirements.txt Can't build as 1 mandatory dependency is missing at ./scripts/sphinx-pre-install line 468. By default, it checks all the requirements for both html and PDF, including the requirements for images, math expressions and LaTeX build, and assumes that a virtual Python environment will be used. The ones needed for html builds are assumed to be mandatory; the others to be optional. It supports two optional parameters: ``--no-pdf`` Disable checks for PDF; ``--no-virtualenv`` Use OS packaging for Sphinx instead of Python virtual environment. Sphinx Build ============ The usual way to generate the documentation is to run ``make htmldocs`` or ``make pdfdocs``. There are also other formats available, see the documentation section of ``make help``. The generated documentation is placed in format-specific subdirectories under ``Documentation/output``. To generate documentation, Sphinx (``sphinx-build``) must obviously be installed. For prettier HTML output, the Read the Docs Sphinx theme (``sphinx_rtd_theme``) is used if available. For PDF output you'll also need ``XeLaTeX`` and ``convert(1)`` from ImageMagick (https://www.imagemagick.org). All of these are widely available and packaged in distributions. To pass extra options to Sphinx, you can use the ``SPHINXOPTS`` make variable. For example, use ``make SPHINXOPTS=-v htmldocs`` to get more verbose output. To remove the generated documentation, run ``make cleandocs``. Writing Documentation ===================== Adding new documentation can be as simple as: 1. Add a new ``.rst`` file somewhere under ``Documentation``. 2. Refer to it from the Sphinx main `TOC tree`_ in ``Documentation/index.rst``. .. _TOC tree: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/markup/toctree.html This is usually good enough for simple documentation (like the one you're reading right now), but for larger documents it may be advisable to create a subdirectory (or use an existing one). For example, the graphics subsystem documentation is under ``Documentation/gpu``, split to several ``.rst`` files, and has a separate ``index.rst`` (with a ``toctree`` of its own) referenced from the main index. See the documentation for `Sphinx`_ and `reStructuredText`_ on what you can do with them. In particular, the Sphinx `reStructuredText Primer`_ is a good place to get started with reStructuredText. There are also some `Sphinx specific markup constructs`_. .. _reStructuredText Primer: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/rest.html .. _Sphinx specific markup constructs: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/markup/index.html Specific guidelines for the kernel documentation ------------------------------------------------ Here are some specific guidelines for the kernel documentation: * Please don't go overboard with reStructuredText markup. Keep it simple. For the most part the documentation should be plain text with just enough consistency in formatting that it can be converted to other formats. * Please keep the formatting changes minimal when converting existing documentation to reStructuredText. * Also update the content, not just the formatting, when converting documentation. * Please stick to this order of heading adornments: 1. ``=`` with overline for document title:: ============== Document title ============== 2. ``=`` for chapters:: Chapters ======== 3. ``-`` for sections:: Section ------- 4. ``~`` for subsections:: Subsection ~~~~~~~~~~ Although RST doesn't mandate a specific order ("Rather than imposing a fixed number and order of section title adornment styles, the order enforced will be the order as encountered."), having the higher levels the same overall makes it easier to follow the documents. * For inserting fixed width text blocks (for code examples, use case examples, etc.), use ``::`` for anything that doesn't really benefit from syntax highlighting, especially short snippets. Use ``.. code-block:: `` for longer code blocks that benefit from highlighting. the C domain ------------ The **Sphinx C Domain** (name c) is suited for documentation of C API. E.g. a function prototype: .. code-block:: rst .. c:function:: int ioctl( int fd, int request ) The C domain of the kernel-doc has some additional features. E.g. you can *rename* the reference name of a function with a common name like ``open`` or ``ioctl``: .. code-block:: rst .. c:function:: int ioctl( int fd, int request ) :name: VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS The func-name (e.g. ioctl) remains in the output but the ref-name changed from ``ioctl`` to ``VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS``. The index entry for this function is also changed to ``VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS`` and the function can now referenced by: .. code-block:: rst :c:func:`VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS` list tables ----------- We recommend the use of *list table* formats. The *list table* formats are double-stage lists. Compared to the ASCII-art they might not be as comfortable for readers of the text files. Their advantage is that they are easy to create or modify and that the diff of a modification is much more meaningful, because it is limited to the modified content. The ``flat-table`` is a double-stage list similar to the ``list-table`` with some additional features: * column-span: with the role ``cspan`` a cell can be extended through additional columns * row-span: with the role ``rspan`` a cell can be extended through additional rows * auto span rightmost cell of a table row over the missing cells on the right side of that table-row. With Option ``:fill-cells:`` this behavior can changed from *auto span* to *auto fill*, which automatically inserts (empty) cells instead of spanning the last cell. options: * ``:header-rows:`` [int] count of header rows * ``:stub-columns:`` [int] count of stub columns * ``:widths:`` [[int] [int] ... ] widths of columns * ``:fill-cells:`` instead of auto-spanning missing cells, insert missing cells roles: * ``:cspan:`` [int] additional columns (*morecols*) * ``:rspan:`` [int] additional rows (*morerows*) The example below shows how to use this markup. The first level of the staged list is the *table-row*. In the *table-row* there is only one markup allowed, the list of the cells in this *table-row*. Exceptions are *comments* ( ``..`` ) and *targets* (e.g. a ref to ``:ref:`last row ``` / :ref:`last row `). .. code-block:: rst .. flat-table:: table title :widths: 2 1 1 3 * - head col 1 - head col 2 - head col 3 - head col 4 * - column 1 - field 1.1 - field 1.2 with autospan * - column 2 - field 2.1 - :rspan:`1` :cspan:`1` field 2.2 - 3.3 * .. _`last row`: - column 3 Rendered as: .. flat-table:: table title :widths: 2 1 1 3 * - head col 1 - head col 2 - head col 3 - head col 4 * - column 1 - field 1.1 - field 1.2 with autospan * - column 2 - field 2.1 - :rspan:`1` :cspan:`1` field 2.2 - 3.3 * .. _`last row`: - column 3 .. _sphinx_kfigure: Figures & Images ================ If you want to add an image, you should use the ``kernel-figure`` and ``kernel-image`` directives. E.g. to insert a figure with a scalable image format use SVG (:ref:`svg_image_example`):: .. kernel-figure:: svg_image.svg :alt: simple SVG image SVG image example .. _svg_image_example: .. kernel-figure:: svg_image.svg :alt: simple SVG image SVG image example The kernel figure (and image) directive support **DOT** formated files, see * DOT: http://graphviz.org/pdf/dotguide.pdf * Graphviz: http://www.graphviz.org/content/dot-language A simple example (:ref:`hello_dot_file`):: .. kernel-figure:: hello.dot :alt: hello world DOT's hello world example .. _hello_dot_file: .. kernel-figure:: hello.dot :alt: hello world DOT's hello world example Embed *render* markups (or languages) like Graphviz's **DOT** is provided by the ``kernel-render`` directives.:: .. kernel-render:: DOT :alt: foobar digraph :caption: Embedded **DOT** (Graphviz) code digraph foo { "bar" -> "baz"; } How this will be rendered depends on the installed tools. If Graphviz is installed, you will see an vector image. If not the raw markup is inserted as *literal-block* (:ref:`hello_dot_render`). .. _hello_dot_render: .. kernel-render:: DOT :alt: foobar digraph :caption: Embedded **DOT** (Graphviz) code digraph foo { "bar" -> "baz"; } The *render* directive has all the options known from the *figure* directive, plus option ``caption``. If ``caption`` has a value, a *figure* node is inserted. If not, a *image* node is inserted. A ``caption`` is also needed, if you want to refer it (:ref:`hello_svg_render`). Embedded **SVG**:: .. kernel-render:: SVG :caption: Embedded **SVG** markup :alt: so-nw-arrow ... .. _hello_svg_render: .. kernel-render:: SVG :caption: Embedded **SVG** markup :alt: so-nw-arrow