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* make sure that nsproxy_cache is initialized early enoughAl Viro2011-07-201-3/+1
| | | | Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* cgroup: remove the ns_cgroupDaniel Lezcano2011-05-261-4/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The ns_cgroup is an annoying cgroup at the namespace / cgroup frontier and leads to some problems: * cgroup creation is out-of-control * cgroup name can conflict when pids are looping * it is not possible to have a single process handling a lot of namespaces without falling in a exponential creation time * we may want to create a namespace without creating a cgroup The ns_cgroup was replaced by a compatibility flag 'clone_children', where a newly created cgroup will copy the parent cgroup values. The userspace has to manually create a cgroup and add a task to the 'tasks' file. This patch removes the ns_cgroup as suggested in the following thread: https://lists.linux-foundation.org/pipermail/containers/2009-June/018616.html The 'cgroup_clone' function is removed because it is no longer used. This is a userspace-visible change. Commit 45531757b45c ("cgroup: notify ns_cgroup deprecated") (merged into 2.6.27) caused the kernel to emit a printk warning users that the feature is planned for removal. Since that time we have heard from XXX users who were affected by this. Signed-off-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr> Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca> Reviewed-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> Acked-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com> Acked-by: Matt Helsley <matthltc@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* ns: Introduce the setns syscallEric W. Biederman2011-05-101-0/+42
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | With the networking stack today there is demand to handle multiple network stacks at a time. Not in the context of containers but in the context of people doing interesting things with routing. There is also demand in the context of containers to have an efficient way to execute some code in the container itself. If nothing else it is very useful ad a debugging technique. Both problems can be solved by starting some form of login daemon in the namespaces people want access to, or you can play games by ptracing a process and getting the traced process to do things you want it to do. However it turns out that a login daemon or a ptrace puppet controller are more code, they are more prone to failure, and generally they are less efficient than simply changing the namespace of a process to a specified one. Pieces of this puzzle can also be solved by instead of coming up with a general purpose system call coming up with targed system calls perhaps socketat that solve a subset of the larger problem. Overall that appears to be more work for less reward. int setns(int fd, int nstype); The fd argument is a file descriptor referring to a proc file of the namespace you want to switch the process to. In the setns system call the nstype is 0 or specifies an clone flag of the namespace you intend to change to prevent changing a namespace unintentionally. v2: Most of the architecture support added by Daniel Lezcano <dlezcano@fr.ibm.com> v3: ported to v2.6.36-rc4 by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> v4: Moved wiring up of the system call to another patch v5: Cleaned up the system call arguments - Changed the order. - Modified nstype to take the standard clone flags. v6: Added missing error handling as pointed out by Matt Helsley <matthltc@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr> Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
* userns: user namespaces: convert several capable() callsSerge E. Hallyn2011-03-231-6/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CAP_IPC_OWNER and CAP_IPC_LOCK can be checked against current_user_ns(), because the resource comes from current's own ipc namespace. setuid/setgid are to uids in own namespace, so again checks can be against current_user_ns(). Changelog: Jan 11: Use task_ns_capable() in place of sched_capable(). Jan 11: Use nsown_capable() as suggested by Bastian Blank. Jan 11: Clarify (hopefully) some logic in futex and sched.c Feb 15: use ns_capable for ipc, not nsown_capable Feb 23: let copy_ipcs handle setting ipc_ns->user_ns Feb 23: pass ns down rather than taking it from current [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com> Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Acked-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr> Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* userns: add a user namespace owner of ipc nsSerge E. Hallyn2011-03-231-0/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Changelog: Feb 15: Don't set new ipc->user_ns if we didn't create a new ipc_ns. Feb 23: Move extern declaration to ipc_namespace.h, and group fwd declarations at top. Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com> Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Acked-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr> Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* userns: allow sethostname in a containerSerge E. Hallyn2011-03-231-6/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Changelog: Feb 23: let clone_uts_ns() handle setting uts->user_ns To do so we need to pass in the task_struct who'll get the utsname, so we can get its user_ns. Feb 23: As per Oleg's coment, just pass in tsk, instead of two of its members. Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com> Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Acked-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr> Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* userns: add a user_namespace as creator/owner of uts_namespaceSerge E. Hallyn2011-03-231-0/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The expected course of development for user namespaces targeted capabilities is laid out at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserNamespace. Goals: - Make it safe for an unprivileged user to unshare namespaces. They will be privileged with respect to the new namespace, but this should only include resources which the unprivileged user already owns. - Provide separate limits and accounting for userids in different namespaces. Status: Currently (as of 2.6.38) you can clone with the CLONE_NEWUSER flag to get a new user namespace if you have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN, CAP_SETUID, and CAP_SETGID capabilities. What this gets you is a whole new set of userids, meaning that user 500 will have a different 'struct user' in your namespace than in other namespaces. So any accounting information stored in struct user will be unique to your namespace. However, throughout the kernel there are checks which - simply check for a capability. Since root in a child namespace has all capabilities, this means that a child namespace is not constrained. - simply compare uid1 == uid2. Since these are the integer uids, uid 500 in namespace 1 will be said to be equal to uid 500 in namespace 2. As a result, the lxc implementation at lxc.sf.net does not use user namespaces. This is actually helpful because it leaves us free to develop user namespaces in such a way that, for some time, user namespaces may be unuseful. Bugs aside, this patchset is supposed to not at all affect systems which are not actively using user namespaces, and only restrict what tasks in child user namespace can do. They begin to limit privilege to a user namespace, so that root in a container cannot kill or ptrace tasks in the parent user namespace, and can only get world access rights to files. Since all files currently belong to the initila user namespace, that means that child user namespaces can only get world access rights to *all* files. While this temporarily makes user namespaces bad for system containers, it starts to get useful for some sandboxing. I've run the 'runltplite.sh' with and without this patchset and found no difference. This patch: copy_process() handles CLONE_NEWUSER before the rest of the namespaces. So in the case of clone(CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_NEWUTS) the new uts namespace will have the new user namespace as its owner. That is what we want, since we want root in that new userns to be able to have privilege over it. Changelog: Feb 15: don't set uts_ns->user_ns if we didn't create a new uts_ns. Feb 23: Move extern init_user_ns declaration from init/version.c to utsname.h. Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com> Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Acked-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr> Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* include cleanup: Update gfp.h and slab.h includes to prepare for breaking ↵Tejun Heo2010-03-301-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | implicit slab.h inclusion from percpu.h percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies. percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is used as the basis of conversion. http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py The script does the followings. * Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used, gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h. * When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered - alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there doesn't seem to be any matching order. * If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the file. The conversion was done in the following steps. 1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400 files. 2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion, some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added inclusions to around 150 files. 3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits from #2 to make sure no file was left behind. 4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed. e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually. 5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as necessary. 6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h. 7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq). * x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config. * powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig * sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig * ia64 SMP allmodconfig * s390 SMP allmodconfig * alpha SMP allmodconfig * um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig 8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as a separate patch and serve as bisection point. Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step 6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch. If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of the specific arch. Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
* nsproxy: remove INIT_NSPROXY()Alexey Dobriyan2010-03-121-1/+12
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Remove INIT_NSPROXY(), use C99 initializer. Remove INIT_IPC_NS(), INIT_NET_NS() while I'm at it. Note: headers trim will be done later, now it's quite pointless because results will be invalidated by merge window. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* nsproxy: extract create_nsproxy()Alexey Dobriyan2009-06-181-12/+7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | clone_nsproxy() does useless copying of old nsproxy -- every pointer will be rewritten to new ns or to old ns. Remove copying, rename clone_nsproxy(), create_nsproxy() will be used by C/R code to create fresh nsproxy on restart. Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* User namespaces: set of cleanups (v2)Serge Hallyn2008-11-241-13/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The user_ns is moved from nsproxy to user_struct, so that a struct cred by itself is sufficient to determine access (which it otherwise would not be). Corresponding ecryptfs fixes (by David Howells) are here as well. Fix refcounting. The following rules now apply: 1. The task pins the user struct. 2. The user struct pins its user namespace. 3. The user namespace pins the struct user which created it. User namespaces are cloned during copy_creds(). Unsharing a new user_ns is no longer possible. (We could re-add that, but it'll cause code duplication and doesn't seem useful if PAM doesn't need to clone user namespaces). When a user namespace is created, its first user (uid 0) gets empty keyrings and a clean group_info. This incorporates a previous patch by David Howells. Here is his original patch description: >I suggest adding the attached incremental patch. It makes the following >changes: > > (1) Provides a current_user_ns() macro to wrap accesses to current's user > namespace. > > (2) Fixes eCryptFS. > > (3) Renames create_new_userns() to create_user_ns() to be more consistent > with the other associated functions and because the 'new' in the name is > superfluous. > > (4) Moves the argument and permission checks made for CLONE_NEWUSER to the > beginning of do_fork() so that they're done prior to making any attempts > at allocation. > > (5) Calls create_user_ns() after prepare_creds(), and gives it the new creds > to fill in rather than have it return the new root user. I don't imagine > the new root user being used for anything other than filling in a cred > struct. > > This also permits me to get rid of a get_uid() and a free_uid(), as the > reference the creds were holding on the old user_struct can just be > transferred to the new namespace's creator pointer. > > (6) Makes create_user_ns() reset the UIDs and GIDs of the creds under > preparation rather than doing it in copy_creds(). > >David >Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Changelog: Oct 20: integrate dhowells comments 1. leave thread_keyring alone 2. use current_user_ns() in set_user() Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
* removed unused #include <linux/version.h>'sAdrian Bunk2008-08-231-1/+0
| | | | | | | | This patch lets the files using linux/version.h match the files that #include it. Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* cgroup_clone: use pid of newly created task for new cgroupSerge E. Hallyn2008-07-251-7/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | cgroup_clone creates a new cgroup with the pid of the task. This works correctly for unshare, but for clone cgroup_clone is called from copy_namespaces inside copy_process, which happens before the new pid is created. As a result, the new cgroup was created with current's pid. This patch: 1. Moves the call inside copy_process to after the new pid is created 2. Passes the struct pid into ns_cgroup_clone (as it is not yet attached to the task) 3. Passes a name from ns_cgroup_clone() into cgroup_clone() so as to keep cgroup_clone() itself simpler 4. Uses pid_vnr() to get the process id value, so that the pid used to name the new cgroup is always the pid as it would be known to the task which did the cloning or unsharing. I think that is the most intuitive thing to do. This way, task t1 does clone(CLONE_NEWPID) to get t2, which does clone(CLONE_NEWPID) to get t3, then the cgroup for t3 will be named for the pid by which t2 knows t3. (Thanks to Dan Smith for finding the main bug) Changelog: June 11: Incorporate Paul Menage's feedback: don't pass NULL to ns_cgroup_clone from unshare, and reduce patch size by using 'nodename' in cgroup_clone. June 10: Original version [akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com> Tested-by: Dan Smith <danms@us.ibm.com> Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* ipc: sysvsem: refuse clone(CLONE_SYSVSEM|CLONE_NEWIPC)Serge E. Hallyn2008-04-291-0/+12
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLONE_NEWIPC|CLONE_SYSVSEM interaction isn't handled properly. This can cause a kernel memory corruption. CLONE_NEWIPC must detach from the existing undo lists. Fix, part 3: refuse clone(CLONE_SYSVSEM|CLONE_NEWIPC). With unshare, specifying CLONE_SYSVSEM means unshare the sysvsem. So it seems reasonable that CLONE_NEWIPC without CLONE_SYSVSEM would just imply CLONE_SYSVSEM. However with clone, specifying CLONE_SYSVSEM means *share* the sysvsem. So calling clone(CLONE_SYSVSEM|CLONE_NEWIPC) is explicitly asking for something we can't allow. So return -EINVAL in that case. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups] Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com> Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@googlemail.com> Cc: Pierre Peiffer <peifferp@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* namespaces: move the IPC namespace under IPC_NS optionPavel Emelyanov2008-02-081-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Currently the IPC namespace management code is spread over the ipc/*.c files. I moved this code into ipc/namespace.c file which is compiled out when needed. The linux/ipc_namespace.h file is used to store the prototypes of the functions in namespace.c and the stubs for NAMESPACES=n case. This is done so, because the stub for copy_ipc_namespace requires the knowledge of the CLONE_NEWIPC flag, which is in sched.h. But the linux/ipc.h file itself in included into many many .c files via the sys.h->sem.h sequence so adding the sched.h into it will make all these .c depend on sched.h which is not that good. On the other hand the knowledge about the namespaces stuff is required in 4 .c files only. Besides, this patch compiles out some auxiliary functions from ipc/sem.c, msg.c and shm.c files. It turned out that moving these functions into namespaces.c is not that easy because they use many other calls and macros from the original file. Moving them would make this patch complicated. On the other hand all these functions can be consolidated, so I will send a separate patch doing this a bit later. Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru> Cc: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* pid namespaces: allow cloning of new namespacePavel Emelyanov2007-10-191-1/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | When clone() is invoked with CLONE_NEWPID, create a new pid namespace and then create a new struct pid for the new process. Allocate pid_t's for the new process in the new pid namespace and all ancestor pid namespaces. Make the newly cloned process the session and process group leader. Since the active pid namespace is special and expected to be the first entry in pid->upid_list, preserve the order of pid namespaces. The size of 'struct pid' is dependent on the the number of pid namespaces the process exists in, so we use multiple pid-caches'. Only one pid cache is created during system startup and this used by processes that exist only in init_pid_ns. When a process clones its pid namespace, we create additional pid caches as necessary and use the pid cache to allocate 'struct pids' for that depth. Note, that with this patch the newly created namespace won't work, since the rest of the kernel still uses global pids, but this is to be fixed soon. Init pid namespace still works. [oleg@tv-sign.ru: merge fix] Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Signed-off-by: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com> Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Make access to task's nsproxy lighterPavel Emelyanov2007-10-191-13/+27
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | When someone wants to deal with some other taks's namespaces it has to lock the task and then to get the desired namespace if the one exists. This is slow on read-only paths and may be impossible in some cases. E.g. Oleg recently noticed a race between unshare() and the (sent for review in cgroups) pid namespaces - when the task notifies the parent it has to know the parent's namespace, but taking the task_lock() is impossible there - the code is under write locked tasklist lock. On the other hand switching the namespace on task (daemonize) and releasing the namespace (after the last task exit) is rather rare operation and we can sacrifice its speed to solve the issues above. The access to other task namespaces is proposed to be performed like this: rcu_read_lock(); nsproxy = task_nsproxy(tsk); if (nsproxy != NULL) { / * * work with the namespaces here * e.g. get the reference on one of them * / } / * * NULL task_nsproxy() means that this task is * almost dead (zombie) * / rcu_read_unlock(); This patch has passed the review by Eric and Oleg :) and, of course, tested. [clg@fr.ibm.com: fix unshare()] [ebiederm@xmission.com: Update get_net_ns_by_pid] Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* pid namespaces: define and use task_active_pid_ns() wrapperSukadev Bhattiprolu2007-10-191-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | With multiple pid namespaces, a process is known by some pid_t in every ancestor pid namespace. Every time the process forks, the child process also gets a pid_t in every ancestor pid namespace. While a process is visible in >=1 pid namespaces, it can see pid_t's in only one pid namespace. We call this pid namespace it's "active pid namespace", and it is always the youngest pid namespace in which the process is known. This patch defines and uses a wrapper to find the active pid namespace of a process. The implementation of the wrapper will be changed in when support for multiple pid namespaces are added. Changelog: 2.6.22-rc4-mm2-pidns1: - [Pavel Emelianov, Alexey Dobriyan] Back out the change to use task_active_pid_ns() in child_reaper() since task->nsproxy can be NULL during task exit (so child_reaper() continues to use init_pid_ns). to implement child_reaper() since init_pid_ns.child_reaper to implement child_reaper() since tsk->nsproxy can be NULL during exit. 2.6.21-rc6-mm1: - Rename task_pid_ns() to task_active_pid_ns() to reflect that a process can have multiple pid namespaces. Signed-off-by: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzel <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* cgroups: implement namespace tracking subsystemSerge E. Hallyn2007-10-191-1/+16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | When a task enters a new namespace via a clone() or unshare(), a new cgroup is created and the task moves into it. This version names cgroups which are automatically created using cgroup_clone() as "node_<pid>" where pid is the pid of the unsharing or cloned process. (Thanks Pavel for the idea) This is safe because if the process unshares again, it will create /cgroups/(...)/node_<pid>/node_<pid> The only possibilities (AFAICT) for a -EEXIST on unshare are 1. pid wraparound 2. a process fails an unshare, then tries again. Case 1 is unlikely enough that I ignore it (at least for now). In case 2, the node_<pid> will be empty and can be rmdir'ed to make the subsequent unshare() succeed. Changelog: Name cloned cgroups as "node_<pid>". [clg@fr.ibm.com: fix order of cgroup subsystems in init/Kconfig] Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com> Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Use KMEM_CACHE macro to create the nsproxy cachePavel Emelyanov2007-10-171-2/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | The blessed way for standard caches is to use it. Besides, this may give this cache a better alignment. Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Acked-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [NET]: Add network namespace clone & unshare support.Eric W. Biederman2007-10-101-2/+13
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch allows you to create a new network namespace using sys_clone, or sys_unshare. As the network namespace is still experimental and under development clone and unshare support is only made available when CONFIG_NET_NS is selected at compile time. As this patch introduces network namespace support into code paths that exist when the CONFIG_NET is not selected there are a few additions made to net_namespace.h to allow a few more functions to be used when the networking stack is not compiled in. Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
* mm: Remove slab destructors from kmem_cache_create().Paul Mundt2007-07-201-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Slab destructors were no longer supported after Christoph's c59def9f222d44bb7e2f0a559f2906191a0862d7 change. They've been BUGs for both slab and slub, and slob never supported them either. This rips out support for the dtor pointer from kmem_cache_create() completely and fixes up every single callsite in the kernel (there were about 224, not including the slab allocator definitions themselves, or the documentation references). Signed-off-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
* namespace: ensure clone_flags are always stored in an unsigned longEric W. Biederman2007-07-161-3/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | While working on unshare support for the network namespace I noticed we were putting clone flags in an int. Which is weird because the syscall uses unsigned long and we at least need an unsigned to properly hold all of the unshare flags. So to make the code consistent, this patch updates the code to use unsigned long instead of int for the clone flags in those places where we get it wrong today. Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Acked-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* add a kmem_cache for nsproxy objectsCedric Le Goater2007-07-161-4/+17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | It should improve performance in some scenarii where a lot of these nsproxy objects are created by unsharing namespaces. This is a typical use of virtual servers that are being created or entered. This is also a good tool to find leaks and gather statistics on namespace usage. Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* fix create_new_namespaces() return valueCedric Le Goater2007-07-161-6/+17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | dup_mnt_ns() and clone_uts_ns() return NULL on failure. This is wrong, create_new_namespaces() uses ERR_PTR() to catch an error. This means that the subsequent create_new_namespaces() will hit BUG_ON() in copy_mnt_ns() or copy_utsname(). Modify create_new_namespaces() to also use the errors returned by the copy_*_ns routines and not to systematically return ENOMEM. [oleg@tv-sign.ru: better changelog] Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com> Cc: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* user namespace: add unshareSerge E. Hallyn2007-07-161-2/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch enables the unshare of user namespaces. It adds a new clone flag CLONE_NEWUSER and implements copy_user_ns() which resets the current user_struct and adds a new root user (uid == 0) For now, unsharing the user namespace allows a process to reset its user_struct accounting and uid 0 in the new user namespace should be contained using appropriate means, for instance selinux The plan, when the full support is complete (all uid checks covered), is to keep the original user's rights in the original namespace, and let a process become uid 0 in the new namespace, with full capabilities to the new namespace. Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Acked-by: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org> Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Cc: Andrew Morgan <agm@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* user namespace: add the frameworkCedric Le Goater2007-07-161-0/+9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basically, it will allow a process to unshare its user_struct table, resetting at the same time its own user_struct and all the associated accounting. A new root user (uid == 0) is added to the user namespace upon creation. Such root users have full privileges and it seems that theses privileges should be controlled through some means (process capabilities ?) The unshare is not included in this patch. Changes since [try #4]: - Updated get_user_ns and put_user_ns to accept NULL, and get_user_ns to return the namespace. Changes since [try #3]: - moved struct user_namespace to files user_namespace.{c,h} Changes since [try #2]: - removed struct user_namespace* argument from find_user() Changes since [try #1]: - removed struct user_namespace* argument from find_user() - added a root_user per user namespace Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org> Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Cc: Andrew Morgan <agm@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* remove CONFIG_UTS_NS and CONFIG_IPC_NSCedric Le Goater2007-07-161-10/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIG_UTS_NS and CONFIG_IPC_NS have very little value as they only deactivate the unshare of the uts and ipc namespaces and do not improve performance. Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Acked-by: "Serge E. Hallyn" <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* fix refcounting of nsproxy object when unsharedCedric Le Goater2007-06-241-8/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | When a namespace is unshared, a refcount on the previous nsproxy is abusively taken, leading to a memory leak of nsproxy objects. Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Merge sys_clone()/sys_unshare() nsproxy and namespace handlingBadari Pulavarty2007-05-081-53/+86
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | sys_clone() and sys_unshare() both makes copies of nsproxy and its associated namespaces. But they have different code paths. This patch merges all the nsproxy and its associated namespace copy/clone handling (as much as possible). Posted on container list earlier for feedback. - Create a new nsproxy and its associated namespaces and pass it back to caller to attach it to right process. - Changed all copy_*_ns() routines to return a new copy of namespace instead of attaching it to task->nsproxy. - Moved the CAP_SYS_ADMIN checks out of copy_*_ns() routines. - Removed unnessary !ns checks from copy_*_ns() and added BUG_ON() just incase. - Get rid of all individual unshare_*_ns() routines and make use of copy_*_ns() instead. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups, warning fix] [clg@fr.ibm.com: remove dup_namespaces() declaration] [serue@us.ibm.com: fix CONFIG_IPC_NS=n, clone(CLONE_NEWIPC) retval] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build with CONFIG_SYSVIPC=n] Signed-off-by: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: <containers@lists.osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Revert "[PATCH] namespaces: fix exit race by splitting exit"Linus Torvalds2007-01-301-15/+1
| | | | | | | | | This reverts commit 7a238fcba0629b6f2edbcd37458bae56fcf36be5 in preparation for a better and simpler fix proposed by Eric Biederman (and fixed up by Serge Hallyn) Acked-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] namespaces: fix exit race by splitting exitSerge E. Hallyn2007-01-301-1/+15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fix exit race by splitting the nsproxy putting into two pieces. First piece reduces the nsproxy refcount. If we dropped the last reference, then it puts the mnt_ns, and returns the nsproxy as a hint to the caller. Else it returns NULL. The second piece of exiting task namespaces sets tsk->nsproxy to NULL, and drops the references to other namespaces and frees the nsproxy only if an nsproxy was passed in. A little awkward and should probably be reworked, but hopefully it fixes the NFS oops. Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Daniel Hokka Zakrisson <daniel@hozac.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [PATCH] Revert "[PATCH] identifier to nsproxy"Eric W. Biederman2006-12-131-3/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This reverts commit 373beb35cd6b625e0ba4ad98baace12310a26aa8. No one is using this identifier yet. The purpose of this identifier is to export nsproxy to user space which is wrong. nsproxy is an internal implementation optimization, which should keep our fork times from getting slower as we increase the number of global namespaces you don't have to share. Adding a global identifier like this is inappropriate because it makes namespaces inherently non-recursive, greatly limiting what we can do with them in the future. Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] to nsproxyCedric Le Goater2006-12-081-7/+19
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add the pid namespace framework to the nsproxy object. The copy of the pid namespace only increases the refcount on the global pid namespace, init_pid_ns, and unshare is not implemented. There is no configuration option to activate or deactivate this feature because this not relevant for the moment. Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] identifier to nsproxyCedric Le Goater2006-12-081-1/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add an identifier to nsproxy. The default init_ns_proxy has identifier 0 and allocated nsproxies are given -1. This identifier will be used by a new syscall sys_bind_ns. Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] rename struct namespace to struct mnt_namespaceKirill Korotaev2006-12-081-8/+8
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rename 'struct namespace' to 'struct mnt_namespace' to avoid confusion with other namespaces being developped for the containers : pid, uts, ipc, etc. 'namespace' variables and attributes are also renamed to 'mnt_ns' Signed-off-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] kernel/nsproxy.c: use kmemdup()Alexey Dobriyan2006-10-201-4/+2
| | | | | | Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] nsproxy cloning error path fixPavel2006-10-021-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch fixes copy_namespaces()'s error path. when new nsproxy (new_ns) is created pointers to namespaces (ipc, uts) are copied from the old nsproxy. Later in copy_utsname, copy_ipcs, etc. according namespaces are get-ed. On error path needed namespaces are put-ed, so there's no need to put new nsproxy itelf as it woud cause putting namespaces for the second time. Found when incorporating namespaces into OpenVZ kernel. Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] IPC namespace coreKirill Korotaev2006-10-021-13/+28
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch set allows to unshare IPCs and have a private set of IPC objects (sem, shm, msg) inside namespace. Basically, it is another building block of containers functionality. This patch implements core IPC namespace changes: - ipc_namespace structure - new config option CONFIG_IPC_NS - adds CLONE_NEWIPC flag - unshare support [clg@fr.ibm.com: small fix for unshare of ipc namespace] [akpm@osdl.org: build fix] Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org> Signed-off-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] namespaces: utsname: implement CLONE_NEWUTS flagSerge E. Hallyn2006-10-021-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Implement a CLONE_NEWUTS flag, and use it at clone and sys_unshare. [clg@fr.ibm.com: IPC unshare fix] [bunk@stusta.de: cleanup] Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Andrey Savochkin <saw@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de> Signed-off-by: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] namespaces: utsname: implement utsname namespacesSerge E. Hallyn2006-10-021-0/+14
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This patch defines the uts namespace and some manipulators. Adds the uts namespace to task_struct, and initializes a system-wide init namespace. It leaves a #define for system_utsname so sysctl will compile. This define will be removed in a separate patch. [akpm@osdl.org: build fix, cleanup] Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Andrey Savochkin <saw@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] namespaces: incorporate fs namespace into nsproxySerge E. Hallyn2006-10-021-1/+31
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This moves the mount namespace into the nsproxy. The mount namespace count now refers to the number of nsproxies point to it, rather than the number of tasks. As a result, the unshare_namespace() function in kernel/fork.c no longer checks whether it is being shared. Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Andrey Savochkin <saw@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] nsproxy: move init_nsproxy into kernel/nsproxy.cSerge E. Hallyn2006-10-021-0/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Move the init_nsproxy definition out of arch/ into kernel/nsproxy.c. This avoids all arches having to be updated. Compiles and boots on s390. Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Andrey Savochkin <saw@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* [PATCH] namespaces: add nsproxySerge E. Hallyn2006-10-021-0/+77
This patch adds a nsproxy structure to the task struct. Later patches will move the fs namespace pointer into this structure, and introduce a new utsname namespace into the nsproxy. The vserver and openvz functionality, then, would be implemented in large part by virtualizing/isolating more and more resources into namespaces, each contained in the nsproxy. [akpm@osdl.org: build fix] Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Andrey Savochkin <saw@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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