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Add zstd compression and decompression kernel modules.
zstd offers a wide varity of compression speed and quality trade-offs.
It can compress at speeds approaching lz4, and quality approaching lzma.
zstd decompressions at speeds more than twice as fast as zlib, and
decompression speed remains roughly the same across all compression levels.
The code was ported from the upstream zstd source repository. The
`linux/zstd.h` header was modified to match linux kernel style.
The cross-platform and allocation code was stripped out. Instead zstd
requires the caller to pass a preallocated workspace. The source files
were clang-formatted [1] to match the Linux Kernel style as much as
possible. Otherwise, the code was unmodified. We would like to avoid
as much further manual modification to the source code as possible, so it
will be easier to keep the kernel zstd up to date.
I benchmarked zstd compression as a special character device. I ran zstd
and zlib compression at several levels, as well as performing no
compression, which measure the time spent copying the data to kernel space.
Data is passed to the compresser 4096 B at a time. The benchmark file is
located in the upstream zstd source repository under
`contrib/linux-kernel/zstd_compress_test.c` [2].
I ran the benchmarks on a Ubuntu 14.04 VM with 2 cores and 4 GiB of RAM.
The VM is running on a MacBook Pro with a 3.1 GHz Intel Core i7 processor,
16 GB of RAM, and a SSD. I benchmarked using `silesia.tar` [3], which is
211,988,480 B large. Run the following commands for the benchmark:
sudo modprobe zstd_compress_test
sudo mknod zstd_compress_test c 245 0
sudo cp silesia.tar zstd_compress_test
The time is reported by the time of the userland `cp`.
The MB/s is computed with
1,536,217,008 B / time(buffer size, hash)
which includes the time to copy from userland.
The Adjusted MB/s is computed with
1,536,217,088 B / (time(buffer size, hash) - time(buffer size, none)).
The memory reported is the amount of memory the compressor requests.
| Method | Size (B) | Time (s) | Ratio | MB/s | Adj MB/s | Mem (MB) |
|----------|----------|----------|-------|---------|----------|----------|
| none | 11988480 | 0.100 | 1 | 2119.88 | - | - |
| zstd -1 | 73645762 | 1.044 | 2.878 | 203.05 | 224.56 | 1.23 |
| zstd -3 | 66988878 | 1.761 | 3.165 | 120.38 | 127.63 | 2.47 |
| zstd -5 | 65001259 | 2.563 | 3.261 | 82.71 | 86.07 | 2.86 |
| zstd -10 | 60165346 | 13.242 | 3.523 | 16.01 | 16.13 | 13.22 |
| zstd -15 | 58009756 | 47.601 | 3.654 | 4.45 | 4.46 | 21.61 |
| zstd -19 | 54014593 | 102.835 | 3.925 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 60.15 |
| zlib -1 | 77260026 | 2.895 | 2.744 | 73.23 | 75.85 | 0.27 |
| zlib -3 | 72972206 | 4.116 | 2.905 | 51.50 | 52.79 | 0.27 |
| zlib -6 | 68190360 | 9.633 | 3.109 | 22.01 | 22.24 | 0.27 |
| zlib -9 | 67613382 | 22.554 | 3.135 | 9.40 | 9.44 | 0.27 |
I benchmarked zstd decompression using the same method on the same machine.
The benchmark file is located in the upstream zstd repo under
`contrib/linux-kernel/zstd_decompress_test.c` [4]. The memory reported is
the amount of memory required to decompress data compressed with the given
compression level. If you know the maximum size of your input, you can
reduce the memory usage of decompression irrespective of the compression
level.
| Method | Time (s) | MB/s | Adjusted MB/s | Memory (MB) |
|----------|----------|---------|---------------|-------------|
| none | 0.025 | 8479.54 | - | - |
| zstd -1 | 0.358 | 592.15 | 636.60 | 0.84 |
| zstd -3 | 0.396 | 535.32 | 571.40 | 1.46 |
| zstd -5 | 0.396 | 535.32 | 571.40 | 1.46 |
| zstd -10 | 0.374 | 566.81 | 607.42 | 2.51 |
| zstd -15 | 0.379 | 559.34 | 598.84 | 4.61 |
| zstd -19 | 0.412 | 514.54 | 547.77 | 8.80 |
| zlib -1 | 0.940 | 225.52 | 231.68 | 0.04 |
| zlib -3 | 0.883 | 240.08 | 247.07 | 0.04 |
| zlib -6 | 0.844 | 251.17 | 258.84 | 0.04 |
| zlib -9 | 0.837 | 253.27 | 287.64 | 0.04 |
Tested in userland using the test-suite in the zstd repo under
`contrib/linux-kernel/test/UserlandTest.cpp` [5] by mocking the kernel
functions. Fuzz tested using libfuzzer [6] with the fuzz harnesses under
`contrib/linux-kernel/test/{RoundTripCrash.c,DecompressCrash.c}` [7] [8]
with ASAN, UBSAN, and MSAN. Additionaly, it was tested while testing the
BtrFS and SquashFS patches coming next.
[1] https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormat.html
[2] https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/contrib/linux-kernel/zstd_compress_test.c
[3] http://sun.aei.polsl.pl/~sdeor/index.php?page=silesia
[4] https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/contrib/linux-kernel/zstd_decompress_test.c
[5] https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/contrib/linux-kernel/test/UserlandTest.cpp
[6] http://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html
[7] https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/contrib/linux-kernel/test/RoundTripCrash.c
[8] https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/contrib/linux-kernel/test/DecompressCrash.c
zstd source repository: https://github.com/facebook/zstd
Signed-off-by: Nick Terrell <terrelln@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <clm@fb.com>
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