From 83d98d73b4fc2d485b4a2fd996f5a23e79ee3b52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Masahiro Yamada Date: Fri, 23 Dec 2022 01:25:35 +0900 Subject: kbuild: drop V=0 support The top Makefile sets KBUILD_VERBOSE to 0 by default, it looks weird now because V=1 and V=2 can be OR'ed as V=12. The default should be empty. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada Reviewed-by: Nicolas Schier --- Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst index 38bc74eaa547..82363218d0d1 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst @@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ more details, with real examples. $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) MACHINE=$(MACHINE) $(boot)/$@ @$(kecho) ' Kernel: $(boot)/$@ is ready' - When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE=0, then only a shorthand + When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE unset, then only a shorthand of a command is normally displayed. To enable this behaviour for custom commands kbuild requires two variables to be set:: @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ more details, with real examples. GEN lib/crc32table.h - will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=0". + will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=". 3.12 Command change detection ----------------------------- -- cgit v1.2.3 From cec450256f3f0bb428e4a723f7f35607a1375d2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jani Nikula Date: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 11:59:42 +0200 Subject: docs/kbuild/makefiles: fix header underline The "Kbuild syntax for exported headers" section should not be under "Architecture Makefiles" in hierarchy. Bump the header underline from "-" to "=". Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada --- Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst index 82363218d0d1..c139fff29362 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst @@ -1509,7 +1509,7 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): the linked vmlinux file. 8 Kbuild syntax for exported headers ------------------------------------- +==================================== The kernel includes a set of headers that is exported to userspace. Many headers can be exported as-is but other headers require a -- cgit v1.2.3 From 5e8f0ba38a4d312de1da768e3e339402711cf70f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jani Nikula Date: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 11:59:43 +0200 Subject: docs/kbuild/makefiles: throw out the local table of contents This is not something that should be manually updated. Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada --- Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst | 61 -------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 61 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst index c139fff29362..15d2f91d704a 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst @@ -4,67 +4,6 @@ Linux Kernel Makefiles This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles. -.. Table of Contents - - === 1 Overview - === 2 Who does what - === 3 The kbuild files - --- 3.1 Goal definitions - --- 3.2 Built-in object goals - obj-y - --- 3.3 Loadable module goals - obj-m - --- 3.4 - --- 3.5 Library file goals - lib-y - --- 3.6 Descending down in directories - --- 3.7 Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y - --- 3.8 Always built goals - always-y - --- 3.9 Compilation flags - --- 3.10 Dependency tracking - --- 3.11 Custom Rules - --- 3.12 Command change detection - --- 3.13 $(CC) support functions - --- 3.14 $(LD) support functions - --- 3.15 Script Invocation - - === 4 Host Program support - --- 4.1 Simple Host Program - --- 4.2 Composite Host Programs - --- 4.3 Using C++ for host programs - --- 4.4 Using Rust for host programs - --- 4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs - --- 4.6 When host programs are actually built - - === 5 Userspace Program support - --- 5.1 Simple Userspace Program - --- 5.2 Composite Userspace Programs - --- 5.3 Controlling compiler options for userspace programs - --- 5.4 When userspace programs are actually built - - === 6 Kbuild clean infrastructure - - === 7 Architecture Makefiles - --- 7.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture - --- 7.2 Add prerequisites to archheaders - --- 7.3 Add prerequisites to archprepare - --- 7.4 List directories to visit when descending - --- 7.5 Architecture-specific boot images - --- 7.6 Building non-kbuild targets - --- 7.7 Commands useful for building a boot image - --- 7.8 - --- 7.9 Preprocessing linker scripts - --- 7.10 Generic header files - --- 7.11 Post-link pass - - === 8 Kbuild syntax for exported headers - --- 8.1 no-export-headers - --- 8.2 generic-y - --- 8.3 generated-y - --- 8.4 mandatory-y - - === 9 Kbuild Variables - === 10 Makefile language - === 11 Credits - === 12 TODO - 1 Overview ========== -- cgit v1.2.3 From 1a4c1c9df72ec266f94631edc59f9f2a9dc5aa8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jani Nikula Date: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 11:59:44 +0200 Subject: docs/kbuild/makefiles: drop section numbering, use references Drop the manually updated section numbering. It's hard to maintain, and indeed hasn't been updated when sections 3.4 and 7.8 were dropped. Update all the section references to rst references. Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada --- Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst | 206 ++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+), 103 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst index 15d2f91d704a..b0ace679a01b 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ Linux Kernel Makefiles This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles. -1 Overview -========== +Overview +======== The Makefiles have five parts:: @@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ scripts/Makefile.* contains all the definitions/rules etc. that are used to build the kernel based on the kbuild makefiles. -2 Who does what -=============== +Who does what +============= People have four different relationships with the kernel Makefiles. @@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ These people need to know about all aspects of the kernel Makefiles. This document is aimed towards normal developers and arch developers. -3 The kbuild files -================== +The kbuild files +================ Most Makefiles within the kernel are kbuild Makefiles that use the kbuild infrastructure. This chapter introduces the syntax used in the @@ -72,11 +72,11 @@ The preferred name for the kbuild files are 'Makefile' but 'Kbuild' can be used and if both a 'Makefile' and a 'Kbuild' file exists, then the 'Kbuild' file will be used. -Section 3.1 "Goal definitions" is a quick intro; further chapters provide +Section `Goal definitions`_ is a quick intro; further chapters provide more details, with real examples. -3.1 Goal definitions --------------------- +Goal definitions +---------------- Goal definitions are the main part (heart) of the kbuild Makefile. These lines define the files to be built, any special compilation @@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ more details, with real examples. If CONFIG_FOO is neither y nor m, then the file will not be compiled nor linked. -3.2 Built-in object goals - obj-y ---------------------------------- +Built-in object goals - obj-y +----------------------------- The kbuild Makefile specifies object files for vmlinux in the $(obj-y) lists. These lists depend on the kernel @@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ more details, with real examples. obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_I4L) += isdn.o obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o -3.3 Loadable module goals - obj-m ---------------------------------- +Loadable module goals - obj-m +----------------------------- $(obj-m) specifies object files which are built as loadable kernel modules. @@ -187,8 +187,8 @@ more details, with real examples. kbuild will build an ext2.o file for you out of the individual parts and then link this into built-in.a, as you would expect. -3.5 Library file goals - lib-y ------------------------------- +Library file goals - lib-y +-------------------------- Objects listed with obj-* are used for modules, or combined in a built-in.a for that specific directory. @@ -214,12 +214,12 @@ more details, with real examples. actually recognize that there is a lib.a being built, the directory shall be listed in libs-y. - See also "7.4 List directories to visit when descending". + See also `List directories to visit when descending`_. Use of lib-y is normally restricted to `lib/` and `arch/*/lib`. -3.6 Descending down in directories ----------------------------------- +Descending down in directories +------------------------------ A Makefile is only responsible for building objects in its own directory. Files in subdirectories should be taken care of by @@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ more details, with real examples. names. This allows kbuild to totally skip the directory if the corresponding `CONFIG_` option is neither 'y' nor 'm'. -3.7 Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y ------------------------------------------ +Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y +------------------------------------- extra-y specifies targets which are needed for building vmlinux, but not combined into built-in.a. @@ -298,8 +298,8 @@ more details, with real examples. If you intend to build targets unconditionally, always-y (explained in the next section) is the correct syntax to use. -3.8 Always built goals - always-y ---------------------------------- +Always built goals - always-y +----------------------------- always-y specifies targets which are literally always built when Kbuild visits the Makefile. @@ -309,8 +309,8 @@ more details, with real examples. offsets-file := include/generated/asm-offsets.h always-y += $(offsets-file) -3.9 Compilation flags ---------------------- +Compilation flags +----------------- ccflags-y, asflags-y and ldflags-y These three flags apply only to the kbuild makefile in which they @@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ more details, with real examples. AFLAGS_iwmmxt.o := -Wa,-mcpu=iwmmxt -3.10 Dependency tracking ------------------------- +Dependency tracking +------------------- Kbuild tracks dependencies on the following: @@ -408,8 +408,8 @@ more details, with real examples. Thus, if you change an option to $(CC) all affected files will be re-compiled. -3.11 Custom Rules ------------------ +Custom Rules +------------ Custom rules are used when the kbuild infrastructure does not provide the required support. A typical example is @@ -485,8 +485,8 @@ more details, with real examples. will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=". -3.12 Command change detection ------------------------------ +Command change detection +------------------------ When the rule is evaluated, timestamps are compared between the target and its prerequisite files. GNU Make updates the target when any of the @@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ more details, with real examples. explicitly added to $(targets). Assignments to $(targets) are without $(obj)/ prefix. if_changed may be - used in conjunction with custom rules as defined in "3.11 Custom Rules". + used in conjunction with custom rules as defined in `Custom Rules`_. Note: It is a typical mistake to forget the FORCE prerequisite. Another common pitfall is that whitespace is sometimes significant; for @@ -531,8 +531,8 @@ more details, with real examples. unwanted results when the target is up to date and only the tests on changed commands trigger execution of commands. -3.13 $(CC) support functions ----------------------------- +$(CC) support functions +----------------------- The kernel may be built with several different versions of $(CC), each supporting a unique set of features and options. @@ -651,8 +651,8 @@ more details, with real examples. endif endif -3.14 $(LD) support functions ----------------------------- +$(LD) support functions +----------------------- ld-option ld-option is used to check if $(LD) supports the supplied option. @@ -665,8 +665,8 @@ more details, with real examples. #Makefile LDFLAGS_vmlinux += $(call ld-option, -X) -3.15 Script invocation ----------------------- +Script invocation +----------------- Make rules may invoke scripts to build the kernel. The rules shall always provide the appropriate interpreter to execute the script. They @@ -685,8 +685,8 @@ more details, with real examples. cmd_depmod = $(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/depmod.sh $(DEPMOD) \ $(KERNELRELEASE) -4 Host Program support -====================== +Host Program support +==================== Kbuild supports building executables on the host for use during the compilation stage. @@ -700,8 +700,8 @@ This can be done in two ways. Either add the dependency in a rule, or utilise the variable "always-y". Both possibilities are described in the following. -4.1 Simple Host Program ------------------------ +Simple Host Program +------------------- In some cases there is a need to compile and run a program on the computer where the build is running. @@ -716,8 +716,8 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. c-source file named bin2hex.c located in the same directory as the Makefile. -4.2 Composite Host Programs ---------------------------- +Composite Host Programs +----------------------- Host programs can be made up based on composite objects. The syntax used to define composite objects for host programs is @@ -738,8 +738,8 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, lxdialog. Note: The syntax -y is not permitted for host-programs. -4.3 Using C++ for host programs -------------------------------- +Using C++ for host programs +--------------------------- kbuild offers support for host programs written in C++. This was introduced solely to support kconfig, and is not recommended @@ -764,8 +764,8 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o qconf-objs := check.o -4.4 Using Rust for host programs --------------------------------- +Using Rust for host programs +---------------------------- Kbuild offers support for host programs written in Rust. However, since a Rust toolchain is not mandatory for kernel compilation, @@ -781,8 +781,8 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. located in the same directory as the ``Makefile``. The crate may consist of several source files (see ``samples/rust/hostprogs``). -4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs --------------------------------------------------- +Controlling compiler options for host programs +---------------------------------------------- When compiling host programs, it is possible to set specific flags. The programs will always be compiled utilising $(HOSTCC) passed @@ -813,8 +813,8 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. When linking qconf, it will be passed the extra option "-L$(QTDIR)/lib". -4.6 When host programs are actually built ------------------------------------------ +When host programs are actually built +------------------------------------- Kbuild will only build host-programs when they are referenced as a prerequisite. @@ -852,8 +852,8 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. This will tell kbuild to build lxdialog even if not referenced in any rule. -5 Userspace Program support -=========================== +Userspace Program support +========================= Just like host programs, Kbuild also supports building userspace executables for the target architecture (i.e. the same architecture as you are building @@ -862,8 +862,8 @@ the kernel for). The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use "userprogs" instead of "hostprogs". -5.1 Simple Userspace Program ----------------------------- +Simple Userspace Program +------------------------ The following line tells kbuild that the program bpf-direct shall be built for the target architecture. @@ -876,8 +876,8 @@ The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use "userprogs" instead of single C source file named bpf-direct.c located in the same directory as the Makefile. -5.2 Composite Userspace Programs --------------------------------- +Composite Userspace Programs +---------------------------- Userspace programs can be made up based on composite objects. The syntax used to define composite objects for userspace programs is @@ -898,8 +898,8 @@ The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use "userprogs" instead of Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, bpf-fancy. Note: The syntax -y is not permitted for userspace programs. -5.3 Controlling compiler options for userspace programs -------------------------------------------------------- +Controlling compiler options for userspace programs +--------------------------------------------------- When compiling userspace programs, it is possible to set specific flags. The programs will always be compiled utilising $(CC) passed @@ -930,8 +930,8 @@ The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use "userprogs" instead of From command line, :ref:`USERCFLAGS and USERLDFLAGS ` will also be used. -5.4 When userspace programs are actually built ----------------------------------------------- +When userspace programs are actually built +------------------------------------------ Kbuild builds userspace programs only when told to do so. There are two ways to do this. @@ -960,8 +960,8 @@ The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use "userprogs" instead of This will tell Kbuild to build binderfs_example when it visits this Makefile. -6 Kbuild clean infrastructure -============================= +Kbuild clean infrastructure +=========================== "make clean" deletes most generated files in the obj tree where the kernel is compiled. This includes generated files such as host programs. @@ -1005,8 +1005,8 @@ included in the top level makefile. Instead, arch/$(SRCARCH)/Kbuild can use Note 2: All directories listed in core-y, libs-y, drivers-y and net-y will be visited during "make clean". -7 Architecture Makefiles -======================== +Architecture Makefiles +====================== The top level Makefile sets up the environment and does the preparation, before starting to descend down in the individual directories. @@ -1034,8 +1034,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): - Preparing initrd images and the like -7.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture --------------------------------------------------------- +Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture +---------------------------------------------------- KBUILD_LDFLAGS Generic $(LD) options @@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): KBUILD_LDFLAGS := -m elf_s390 Note: ldflags-y can be used to further customise - the flags used. See section 3.7. + the flags used. See `Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y`_. LDFLAGS_vmlinux Options for $(LD) when linking vmlinux @@ -1208,8 +1208,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS together specify all the object files used to link vmlinux. -7.2 Add prerequisites to archheaders ------------------------------------- +Add prerequisites to archheaders +-------------------------------- The archheaders: rule is used to generate header files that may be installed into user space by "make header_install". @@ -1218,8 +1218,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): architecture itself. -7.3 Add prerequisites to archprepare ------------------------------------- +Add prerequisites to archprepare +-------------------------------- The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that need to be built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories. @@ -1236,8 +1236,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): generating offset header files. -7.4 List directories to visit when descending ---------------------------------------------- +List directories to visit when descending +----------------------------------------- An arch Makefile cooperates with the top Makefile to define variables which specify how to build the vmlinux file. Note that there is no @@ -1270,8 +1270,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): drivers-$(CONFIG_PM) += arch/sparc/power/ -7.5 Architecture-specific boot images -------------------------------------- +Architecture-specific boot images +--------------------------------- An arch Makefile specifies goals that take the vmlinux file, compress it, wrap it in bootstrapping code, and copy the resulting files @@ -1325,8 +1325,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built. -7.7 Commands useful for building a boot image ---------------------------------------------- +Commands useful for building a boot image +----------------------------------------- Kbuild provides a few macros that are useful when building a boot image. @@ -1392,8 +1392,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): targets += $(dtb-y) DTC_FLAGS ?= -p 1024 -7.9 Preprocessing linker scripts --------------------------------- +Preprocessing linker scripts +---------------------------- When the vmlinux image is built, the linker script arch/$(SRCARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds is used. @@ -1422,17 +1422,17 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): The kbuild infrastructure for `*lds` files is used in several architecture-specific files. -7.10 Generic header files -------------------------- +Generic header files +-------------------- The directory include/asm-generic contains the header files that may be shared between individual architectures. The recommended approach how to use a generic header file is to list the file in the Kbuild file. - See "8.2 generic-y" for further info on syntax etc. + See `generic-y`_ for further info on syntax etc. -7.11 Post-link pass -------------------- +Post-link pass +-------------- If the file arch/xxx/Makefile.postlink exists, this makefile will be invoked for post-link objects (vmlinux and modules.ko) @@ -1447,8 +1447,8 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): For example, powerpc uses this to check relocation sanity of the linked vmlinux file. -8 Kbuild syntax for exported headers -==================================== +Kbuild syntax for exported headers +================================== The kernel includes a set of headers that is exported to userspace. Many headers can be exported as-is but other headers require a @@ -1467,15 +1467,15 @@ A Kbuild file may be defined under arch//include/uapi/asm/ and arch//include/asm/ to list asm files coming from asm-generic. See subsequent chapter for the syntax of the Kbuild file. -8.1 no-export-headers ---------------------- +no-export-headers +----------------- no-export-headers is essentially used by include/uapi/linux/Kbuild to avoid exporting specific headers (e.g. kvm.h) on architectures that do not support it. It should be avoided as much as possible. -8.2 generic-y -------------- +generic-y +--------- If an architecture uses a verbatim copy of a header from include/asm-generic then this is listed in the file @@ -1504,8 +1504,8 @@ See subsequent chapter for the syntax of the Kbuild file. #include -8.3 generated-y ---------------- +generated-y +----------- If an architecture generates other header files alongside generic-y wrappers, generated-y specifies them. @@ -1518,8 +1518,8 @@ See subsequent chapter for the syntax of the Kbuild file. #arch/x86/include/asm/Kbuild generated-y += syscalls_32.h -8.4 mandatory-y ---------------- +mandatory-y +----------- mandatory-y is essentially used by include/(uapi/)asm-generic/Kbuild to define the minimum set of ASM headers that all architectures must have. @@ -1528,8 +1528,8 @@ See subsequent chapter for the syntax of the Kbuild file. in arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/(uapi/)/asm, Kbuild will automatically generate a wrapper of the asm-generic one. -9 Kbuild Variables -================== +Kbuild Variables +================ The top Makefile exports the following variables: @@ -1596,8 +1596,8 @@ The top Makefile exports the following variables: command. -10 Makefile language -==================== +Makefile language +================= The kernel Makefiles are designed to be run with GNU Make. The Makefiles use only the documented features of GNU Make, but they do use many @@ -1616,16 +1616,16 @@ time the left-hand side is used. There are some cases where "=" is appropriate. Usually, though, ":=" is the right choice. -11 Credits -========== +Credits +======= - Original version made by Michael Elizabeth Chastain, - Updates by Kai Germaschewski - Updates by Sam Ravnborg - Language QA by Jan Engelhardt -12 TODO -======= +TODO +==== - Describe how kbuild supports shipped files with _shipped. - Generating offset header files. -- cgit v1.2.3 From 9f1fe2bba382f43f8b91f5d6927541a6c6b4dda4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jani Nikula Date: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 11:59:45 +0200 Subject: docs/kbuild/makefiles: clean up indentation and whitespace Remove the leading whitespaces, and clean up indentation and whitespace in general. Although the diff looks massive, it's trivial with 'diff -w' or 'git show -w'. Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada --- Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst | 1885 ++++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 958 insertions(+), 927 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst index b0ace679a01b..3f7330ba5d90 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst @@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ The top Makefile is responsible for building two major products: vmlinux (the resident kernel image) and modules (any module files). It builds these goals by recursively descending into the subdirectories of the kernel source tree. + The list of subdirectories which are visited depends upon the kernel configuration. The top Makefile textually includes an arch Makefile with the name arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile. The arch Makefile supplies @@ -35,7 +36,6 @@ any built-in or modular targets. scripts/Makefile.* contains all the definitions/rules etc. that are used to build the kernel based on the kbuild makefiles. - Who does what ============= @@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ The kbuild files Most Makefiles within the kernel are kbuild Makefiles that use the kbuild infrastructure. This chapter introduces the syntax used in the kbuild makefiles. + The preferred name for the kbuild files are 'Makefile' but 'Kbuild' can be used and if both a 'Makefile' and a 'Kbuild' file exists, then the 'Kbuild' file will be used. @@ -78,618 +79,624 @@ more details, with real examples. Goal definitions ---------------- - Goal definitions are the main part (heart) of the kbuild Makefile. - These lines define the files to be built, any special compilation - options, and any subdirectories to be entered recursively. +Goal definitions are the main part (heart) of the kbuild Makefile. +These lines define the files to be built, any special compilation +options, and any subdirectories to be entered recursively. - The most simple kbuild makefile contains one line: +The most simple kbuild makefile contains one line: - Example:: +Example:: - obj-y += foo.o + obj-y += foo.o - This tells kbuild that there is one object in that directory, named - foo.o. foo.o will be built from foo.c or foo.S. +This tells kbuild that there is one object in that directory, named +foo.o. foo.o will be built from foo.c or foo.S. - If foo.o shall be built as a module, the variable obj-m is used. - Therefore the following pattern is often used: +If foo.o shall be built as a module, the variable obj-m is used. +Therefore the following pattern is often used: - Example:: +Example:: - obj-$(CONFIG_FOO) += foo.o + obj-$(CONFIG_FOO) += foo.o - $(CONFIG_FOO) evaluates to either y (for built-in) or m (for module). - If CONFIG_FOO is neither y nor m, then the file will not be compiled - nor linked. +$(CONFIG_FOO) evaluates to either y (for built-in) or m (for module). +If CONFIG_FOO is neither y nor m, then the file will not be compiled +nor linked. Built-in object goals - obj-y ----------------------------- - The kbuild Makefile specifies object files for vmlinux - in the $(obj-y) lists. These lists depend on the kernel - configuration. +The kbuild Makefile specifies object files for vmlinux +in the $(obj-y) lists. These lists depend on the kernel +configuration. - Kbuild compiles all the $(obj-y) files. It then calls - "$(AR) rcSTP" to merge these files into one built-in.a file. - This is a thin archive without a symbol table. It will be later - linked into vmlinux by scripts/link-vmlinux.sh +Kbuild compiles all the $(obj-y) files. It then calls +"$(AR) rcSTP" to merge these files into one built-in.a file. +This is a thin archive without a symbol table. It will be later +linked into vmlinux by scripts/link-vmlinux.sh - The order of files in $(obj-y) is significant. Duplicates in - the lists are allowed: the first instance will be linked into - built-in.a and succeeding instances will be ignored. +The order of files in $(obj-y) is significant. Duplicates in +the lists are allowed: the first instance will be linked into +built-in.a and succeeding instances will be ignored. - Link order is significant, because certain functions - (module_init() / __initcall) will be called during boot in the - order they appear. So keep in mind that changing the link - order may e.g. change the order in which your SCSI - controllers are detected, and thus your disks are renumbered. +Link order is significant, because certain functions +(module_init() / __initcall) will be called during boot in the +order they appear. So keep in mind that changing the link +order may e.g. change the order in which your SCSI +controllers are detected, and thus your disks are renumbered. - Example:: +Example:: - #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile - # Makefile for the kernel ISDN subsystem and device drivers. - # Each configuration option enables a list of files. - obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_I4L) += isdn.o - obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o + #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile + # Makefile for the kernel ISDN subsystem and device drivers. + # Each configuration option enables a list of files. + obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_I4L) += isdn.o + obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o Loadable module goals - obj-m ----------------------------- - $(obj-m) specifies object files which are built as loadable - kernel modules. +$(obj-m) specifies object files which are built as loadable +kernel modules. - A module may be built from one source file or several source - files. In the case of one source file, the kbuild makefile - simply adds the file to $(obj-m). +A module may be built from one source file or several source +files. In the case of one source file, the kbuild makefile +simply adds the file to $(obj-m). - Example:: +Example:: - #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile - obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o + #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile + obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o - Note: In this example $(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) evaluates to 'm' +Note: In this example $(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) evaluates to 'm' - If a kernel module is built from several source files, you specify - that you want to build a module in the same way as above; however, - kbuild needs to know which object files you want to build your - module from, so you have to tell it by setting a $(-y) - variable. +If a kernel module is built from several source files, you specify +that you want to build a module in the same way as above; however, +kbuild needs to know which object files you want to build your +module from, so you have to tell it by setting a $(-y) +variable. - Example:: +Example:: - #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile - obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_I4L) += isdn.o - isdn-y := isdn_net_lib.o isdn_v110.o isdn_common.o + #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile + obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_I4L) += isdn.o + isdn-y := isdn_net_lib.o isdn_v110.o isdn_common.o - In this example, the module name will be isdn.o. Kbuild will - compile the objects listed in $(isdn-y) and then run - "$(LD) -r" on the list of these files to generate isdn.o. +In this example, the module name will be isdn.o. Kbuild will +compile the objects listed in $(isdn-y) and then run +"$(LD) -r" on the list of these files to generate isdn.o. - Due to kbuild recognizing $(-y) for composite objects, - you can use the value of a `CONFIG_` symbol to optionally include an - object file as part of a composite object. +Due to kbuild recognizing $(-y) for composite objects, +you can use the value of a `CONFIG_` symbol to optionally include an +object file as part of a composite object. - Example:: +Example:: - #fs/ext2/Makefile - obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o - ext2-y := balloc.o dir.o file.o ialloc.o inode.o ioctl.o \ - namei.o super.o symlink.o - ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o xattr_user.o \ - xattr_trusted.o + #fs/ext2/Makefile + obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o + ext2-y := balloc.o dir.o file.o ialloc.o inode.o ioctl.o \ + namei.o super.o symlink.o + ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o xattr_user.o \ + xattr_trusted.o - In this example, xattr.o, xattr_user.o and xattr_trusted.o are only - part of the composite object ext2.o if $(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) - evaluates to 'y'. +In this example, xattr.o, xattr_user.o and xattr_trusted.o are only +part of the composite object ext2.o if $(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) +evaluates to 'y'. - Note: Of course, when you are building objects into the kernel, - the syntax above will also work. So, if you have CONFIG_EXT2_FS=y, - kbuild will build an ext2.o file for you out of the individual - parts and then link this into built-in.a, as you would expect. +Note: Of course, when you are building objects into the kernel, +the syntax above will also work. So, if you have CONFIG_EXT2_FS=y, +kbuild will build an ext2.o file for you out of the individual +parts and then link this into built-in.a, as you would expect. Library file goals - lib-y -------------------------- - Objects listed with obj-* are used for modules, or - combined in a built-in.a for that specific directory. - There is also the possibility to list objects that will - be included in a library, lib.a. - All objects listed with lib-y are combined in a single - library for that directory. - Objects that are listed in obj-y and additionally listed in - lib-y will not be included in the library, since they will - be accessible anyway. - For consistency, objects listed in lib-m will be included in lib.a. +Objects listed with obj-* are used for modules, or +combined in a built-in.a for that specific directory. +There is also the possibility to list objects that will +be included in a library, lib.a. +All objects listed with lib-y are combined in a single +library for that directory. +Objects that are listed in obj-y and additionally listed in +lib-y will not be included in the library, since they will +be accessible anyway. +For consistency, objects listed in lib-m will be included in lib.a. - Note that the same kbuild makefile may list files to be built-in - and to be part of a library. Therefore the same directory - may contain both a built-in.a and a lib.a file. +Note that the same kbuild makefile may list files to be built-in +and to be part of a library. Therefore the same directory +may contain both a built-in.a and a lib.a file. - Example:: +Example:: - #arch/x86/lib/Makefile - lib-y := delay.o + #arch/x86/lib/Makefile + lib-y := delay.o - This will create a library lib.a based on delay.o. For kbuild to - actually recognize that there is a lib.a being built, the directory - shall be listed in libs-y. +This will create a library lib.a based on delay.o. For kbuild to +actually recognize that there is a lib.a being built, the directory +shall be listed in libs-y. - See also `List directories to visit when descending`_. +See also `List directories to visit when descending`_. - Use of lib-y is normally restricted to `lib/` and `arch/*/lib`. +Use of lib-y is normally restricted to `lib/` and `arch/*/lib`. Descending down in directories ------------------------------ - A Makefile is only responsible for building objects in its own - directory. Files in subdirectories should be taken care of by - Makefiles in these subdirs. The build system will automatically - invoke make recursively in subdirectories, provided you let it know of - them. +A Makefile is only responsible for building objects in its own +directory. Files in subdirectories should be taken care of by +Makefiles in these subdirs. The build system will automatically +invoke make recursively in subdirectories, provided you let it know of +them. - To do so, obj-y and obj-m are used. - ext2 lives in a separate directory, and the Makefile present in fs/ - tells kbuild to descend down using the following assignment. +To do so, obj-y and obj-m are used. +ext2 lives in a separate directory, and the Makefile present in fs/ +tells kbuild to descend down using the following assignment. - Example:: +Example:: - #fs/Makefile - obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2/ + #fs/Makefile + obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2/ - If CONFIG_EXT2_FS is set to either 'y' (built-in) or 'm' (modular) - the corresponding obj- variable will be set, and kbuild will descend - down in the ext2 directory. +If CONFIG_EXT2_FS is set to either 'y' (built-in) or 'm' (modular) +the corresponding obj- variable will be set, and kbuild will descend +down in the ext2 directory. - Kbuild uses this information not only to decide that it needs to visit - the directory, but also to decide whether or not to link objects from - the directory into vmlinux. +Kbuild uses this information not only to decide that it needs to visit +the directory, but also to decide whether or not to link objects from +the directory into vmlinux. - When Kbuild descends into the directory with 'y', all built-in objects - from that directory are combined into the built-in.a, which will be - eventually linked into vmlinux. +When Kbuild descends into the directory with 'y', all built-in objects +from that directory are combined into the built-in.a, which will be +eventually linked into vmlinux. - When Kbuild descends into the directory with 'm', in contrast, nothing - from that directory will be linked into vmlinux. If the Makefile in - that directory specifies obj-y, those objects will be left orphan. - It is very likely a bug of the Makefile or of dependencies in Kconfig. +When Kbuild descends into the directory with 'm', in contrast, nothing +from that directory will be linked into vmlinux. If the Makefile in +that directory specifies obj-y, those objects will be left orphan. +It is very likely a bug of the Makefile or of dependencies in Kconfig. - Kbuild also supports dedicated syntax, subdir-y and subdir-m, for - descending into subdirectories. It is a good fit when you know they - do not contain kernel-space objects at all. A typical usage is to let - Kbuild descend into subdirectories to build tools. +Kbuild also supports dedicated syntax, subdir-y and subdir-m, for +descending into subdirectories. It is a good fit when you know they +do not contain kernel-space objects at all. A typical usage is to let +Kbuild descend into subdirectories to build tools. - Examples:: +Examples:: - # scripts/Makefile - subdir-$(CONFIG_GCC_PLUGINS) += gcc-plugins - subdir-$(CONFIG_MODVERSIONS) += genksyms - subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX) += selinux + # scripts/Makefile + subdir-$(CONFIG_GCC_PLUGINS) += gcc-plugins + subdir-$(CONFIG_MODVERSIONS) += genksyms + subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX) += selinux - Unlike obj-y/m, subdir-y/m does not need the trailing slash since this - syntax is always used for directories. +Unlike obj-y/m, subdir-y/m does not need the trailing slash since this +syntax is always used for directories. - It is good practice to use a `CONFIG_` variable when assigning directory - names. This allows kbuild to totally skip the directory if the - corresponding `CONFIG_` option is neither 'y' nor 'm'. +It is good practice to use a `CONFIG_` variable when assigning directory +names. This allows kbuild to totally skip the directory if the +corresponding `CONFIG_` option is neither 'y' nor 'm'. Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y ------------------------------------- - extra-y specifies targets which are needed for building vmlinux, - but not combined into built-in.a. +extra-y specifies targets which are needed for building vmlinux, +but not combined into built-in.a. - Examples are: +Examples are: - 1) vmlinux linker script +1) vmlinux linker script - The linker script for vmlinux is located at - arch/$(SRCARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds + The linker script for vmlinux is located at + arch/$(SRCARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds - Example:: +Example:: - # arch/x86/kernel/Makefile - extra-y += vmlinux.lds + # arch/x86/kernel/Makefile + extra-y += vmlinux.lds - $(extra-y) should only contain targets needed for vmlinux. +$(extra-y) should only contain targets needed for vmlinux. - Kbuild skips extra-y when vmlinux is apparently not a final goal. - (e.g. 'make modules', or building external modules) +Kbuild skips extra-y when vmlinux is apparently not a final goal. +(e.g. 'make modules', or building external modules) - If you intend to build targets unconditionally, always-y (explained - in the next section) is the correct syntax to use. +If you intend to build targets unconditionally, always-y (explained +in the next section) is the correct syntax to use. Always built goals - always-y ----------------------------- - always-y specifies targets which are literally always built when - Kbuild visits the Makefile. +always-y specifies targets which are literally always built when +Kbuild visits the Makefile. + +Example:: - Example:: - # ./Kbuild - offsets-file := include/generated/asm-offsets.h - always-y += $(offsets-file) + # ./Kbuild + offsets-file := include/generated/asm-offsets.h + always-y += $(offsets-file) Compilation flags ----------------- - ccflags-y, asflags-y and ldflags-y - These three flags apply only to the kbuild makefile in which they - are assigned. They are used for all the normal cc, as and ld - invocations happening during a recursive build. - Note: Flags with the same behaviour were previously named: - EXTRA_CFLAGS, EXTRA_AFLAGS and EXTRA_LDFLAGS. - They are still supported but their usage is deprecated. +ccflags-y, asflags-y and ldflags-y + These three flags apply only to the kbuild makefile in which they + are assigned. They are used for all the normal cc, as and ld + invocations happening during a recursive build. + Note: Flags with the same behaviour were previously named: + EXTRA_CFLAGS, EXTRA_AFLAGS and EXTRA_LDFLAGS. + They are still supported but their usage is deprecated. - ccflags-y specifies options for compiling with $(CC). + ccflags-y specifies options for compiling with $(CC). - Example:: + Example:: - # drivers/acpi/acpica/Makefile - ccflags-y := -Os -D_LINUX -DBUILDING_ACPICA - ccflags-$(CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG) += -DACPI_DEBUG_OUTPUT + # drivers/acpi/acpica/Makefile + ccflags-y := -Os -D_LINUX -DBUILDING_ACPICA + ccflags-$(CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG) += -DACPI_DEBUG_OUTPUT - This variable is necessary because the top Makefile owns the - variable $(KBUILD_CFLAGS) and uses it for compilation flags for the - entire tree. + This variable is necessary because the top Makefile owns the + variable $(KBUILD_CFLAGS) and uses it for compilation flags for the + entire tree. - asflags-y specifies assembler options. + asflags-y specifies assembler options. - Example:: + Example:: - #arch/sparc/kernel/Makefile - asflags-y := -ansi + #arch/sparc/kernel/Makefile + asflags-y := -ansi - ldflags-y specifies options for linking with $(LD). + ldflags-y specifies options for linking with $(LD). - Example:: + Example:: - #arch/cris/boot/compressed/Makefile - ldflags-y += -T $(srctree)/$(src)/decompress_$(arch-y).lds + #arch/cris/boot/compressed/Makefile + ldflags-y += -T $(srctree)/$(src)/decompress_$(arch-y).lds - subdir-ccflags-y, subdir-asflags-y - The two flags listed above are similar to ccflags-y and asflags-y. - The difference is that the subdir- variants have effect for the kbuild - file where they are present and all subdirectories. - Options specified using subdir-* are added to the commandline before - the options specified using the non-subdir variants. +subdir-ccflags-y, subdir-asflags-y + The two flags listed above are similar to ccflags-y and asflags-y. + The difference is that the subdir- variants have effect for the kbuild + file where they are present and all subdirectories. + Options specified using subdir-* are added to the commandline before + the options specified using the non-subdir variants. - Example:: + Example:: - subdir-ccflags-y := -Werror + subdir-ccflags-y := -Werror - ccflags-remove-y, asflags-remove-y - These flags are used to remove particular flags for the compiler, - assembler invocations. +ccflags-remove-y, asflags-remove-y + These flags are used to remove particular flags for the compiler, + assembler invocations. - Example:: + Example:: - ccflags-remove-$(CONFIG_MCOUNT) += -pg + ccflags-remove-$(CONFIG_MCOUNT) += -pg - CFLAGS_$@, AFLAGS_$@ - CFLAGS_$@ and AFLAGS_$@ only apply to commands in current - kbuild makefile. +CFLAGS_$@, AFLAGS_$@ + CFLAGS_$@ and AFLAGS_$@ only apply to commands in current + kbuild makefile. - $(CFLAGS_$@) specifies per-file options for $(CC). The $@ - part has a literal value which specifies the file that it is for. + $(CFLAGS_$@) specifies per-file options for $(CC). The $@ + part has a literal value which specifies the file that it is for. - CFLAGS_$@ has the higher priority than ccflags-remove-y; CFLAGS_$@ - can re-add compiler flags that were removed by ccflags-remove-y. + CFLAGS_$@ has the higher priority than ccflags-remove-y; CFLAGS_$@ + can re-add compiler flags that were removed by ccflags-remove-y. - Example:: + Example:: - # drivers/scsi/Makefile - CFLAGS_aha152x.o = -DAHA152X_STAT -DAUTOCONF + # drivers/scsi/Makefile + CFLAGS_aha152x.o = -DAHA152X_STAT -DAUTOCONF - This line specify compilation flags for aha152x.o. + This line specify compilation flags for aha152x.o. - $(AFLAGS_$@) is a similar feature for source files in assembly - languages. + $(AFLAGS_$@) is a similar feature for source files in assembly + languages. - AFLAGS_$@ has the higher priority than asflags-remove-y; AFLAGS_$@ - can re-add assembler flags that were removed by asflags-remove-y. + AFLAGS_$@ has the higher priority than asflags-remove-y; AFLAGS_$@ + can re-add assembler flags that were removed by asflags-remove-y. - Example:: - - # arch/arm/kernel/Makefile - AFLAGS_head.o := -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET) - AFLAGS_crunch-bits.o := -Wa,-mcpu=ep9312 - AFLAGS_iwmmxt.o := -Wa,-mcpu=iwmmxt + Example:: + # arch/arm/kernel/Makefile + AFLAGS_head.o := -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET) + AFLAGS_crunch-bits.o := -Wa,-mcpu=ep9312 + AFLAGS_iwmmxt.o := -Wa,-mcpu=iwmmxt Dependency tracking ------------------- - Kbuild tracks dependencies on the following: +Kbuild tracks dependencies on the following: - 1) All prerequisite files (both `*.c` and `*.h`) - 2) `CONFIG_` options used in all prerequisite files - 3) Command-line used to compile target +1) All prerequisite files (both `*.c` and `*.h`) +2) `CONFIG_` options used in all prerequisite files +3) Command-line used to compile target - Thus, if you change an option to $(CC) all affected files will - be re-compiled. +Thus, if you change an option to $(CC) all affected files will +be re-compiled. Custom Rules ------------ - Custom rules are used when the kbuild infrastructure does - not provide the required support. A typical example is - header files generated during the build process. - Another example are the architecture-specific Makefiles which - need custom rules to prepare boot images etc. +Custom rules are used when the kbuild infrastructure does +not provide the required support. A typical example is +header files generated during the build process. +Another example are the architecture-specific Makefiles which +need custom rules to prepare boot images etc. - Custom rules are written as normal Make rules. - Kbuild is not executing in the directory where the Makefile is - located, so all custom rules shall use a relative - path to prerequisite files and target files. +Custom rules are written as normal Make rules. +Kbuild is not executing in the directory where the Makefile is +located, so all custom rules shall use a relative +path to prerequisite files and target files. - Two variables are used when defining custom rules: +Two variables are used when defining custom rules: - $(src) - $(src) is a relative path which points to the directory - where the Makefile is located. Always use $(src) when - referring to files located in the src tree. +$(src) + $(src) is a relative path which points to the directory + where the Makefile is located. Always use $(src) when + referring to files located in the src tree. - $(obj) - $(obj) is a relative path which points to the directory - where the target is saved. Always use $(obj) when - referring to generated files. +$(obj) + $(obj) is a relative path which points to the directory + where the target is saved. Always use $(obj) when + referring to generated files. - Example:: + Example:: - #drivers/scsi/Makefile - $(obj)/53c8xx_d.h: $(src)/53c7,8xx.scr $(src)/script_asm.pl - $(CPP) -DCHIP=810 - < $< | ... $(src)/script_asm.pl + #drivers/scsi/Makefile + $(obj)/53c8xx_d.h: $(src)/53c7,8xx.scr $(src)/script_asm.pl + $(CPP) -DCHIP=810 - < $< | ... $(src)/script_asm.pl - This is a custom rule, following the normal syntax - required by make. + This is a custom rule, following the normal syntax + required by make. - The target file depends on two prerequisite files. References - to the target file are prefixed with $(obj), references - to prerequisites are referenced with $(src) (because they are not - generated files). + The target file depends on two prerequisite files. References + to the target file are prefixed with $(obj), references + to prerequisites are referenced with $(src) (because they are not + generated files). - $(kecho) - echoing information to user in a rule is often a good practice - but when execution "make -s" one does not expect to see any output - except for warnings/errors. - To support this kbuild defines $(kecho) which will echo out the - text following $(kecho) to stdout except if "make -s" is used. +$(kecho) + echoing information to user in a rule is often a good practice + but when execution "make -s" one does not expect to see any output + except for warnings/errors. + To support this kbuild defines $(kecho) which will echo out the + text following $(kecho) to stdout except if "make -s" is used. - Example:: + Example:: - # arch/arm/Makefile - $(BOOT_TARGETS): vmlinux - $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) MACHINE=$(MACHINE) $(boot)/$@ - @$(kecho) ' Kernel: $(boot)/$@ is ready' + # arch/arm/Makefile + $(BOOT_TARGETS): vmlinux + $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) MACHINE=$(MACHINE) $(boot)/$@ + @$(kecho) ' Kernel: $(boot)/$@ is ready' - When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE unset, then only a shorthand - of a command is normally displayed. - To enable this behaviour for custom commands kbuild requires - two variables to be set:: + When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE unset, then only a shorthand + of a command is normally displayed. + To enable this behaviour for custom commands kbuild requires + two variables to be set:: - quiet_cmd_ - what shall be echoed - cmd_ - the command to execute + quiet_cmd_ - what shall be echoed + cmd_ - the command to execute - Example:: + Example:: - # lib/Makefile - quiet_cmd_crc32 = GEN $@ - cmd_crc32 = $< > $@ + # lib/Makefile + quiet_cmd_crc32 = GEN $@ + cmd_crc32 = $< > $@ - $(obj)/crc32table.h: $(obj)/gen_crc32table - $(call cmd,crc32) + $(obj)/crc32table.h: $(obj)/gen_crc32table + $(call cmd,crc32) - When updating the $(obj)/crc32table.h target, the line: + When updating the $(obj)/crc32table.h target, the line:: - GEN lib/crc32table.h + GEN lib/crc32table.h - will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=". + will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=". Command change detection ------------------------ - When the rule is evaluated, timestamps are compared between the target - and its prerequisite files. GNU Make updates the target when any of the - prerequisites is newer than that. +When the rule is evaluated, timestamps are compared between the target +and its prerequisite files. GNU Make updates the target when any of the +prerequisites is newer than that. - The target should be rebuilt also when the command line has changed - since the last invocation. This is not supported by Make itself, so - Kbuild achieves this by a kind of meta-programming. +The target should be rebuilt also when the command line has changed +since the last invocation. This is not supported by Make itself, so +Kbuild achieves this by a kind of meta-programming. - if_changed is the macro used for this purpose, in the following form:: +if_changed is the macro used for this purpose, in the following form:: - quiet_cmd_ = ... - cmd_ = ... + quiet_cmd_ = ... + cmd_ = ... - : FORCE - $(call if_changed,) + : FORCE + $(call if_changed,) - Any target that utilizes if_changed must be listed in $(targets), - otherwise the command line check will fail, and the target will - always be built. +Any target that utilizes if_changed must be listed in $(targets), +otherwise the command line check will fail, and the target will +always be built. - If the target is already listed in the recognized syntax such as - obj-y/m, lib-y/m, extra-y/m, always-y/m, hostprogs, userprogs, Kbuild - automatically adds it to $(targets). Otherwise, the target must be - explicitly added to $(targets). +If the target is already listed in the recognized syntax such as +obj-y/m, lib-y/m, extra-y/m, always-y/m, hostprogs, userprogs, Kbuild +automatically adds it to $(targets). Otherwise, the target must be +explicitly added to $(targets). - Assignments to $(targets) are without $(obj)/ prefix. if_changed may be - used in conjunction with custom rules as defined in `Custom Rules`_. +Assignments to $(targets) are without $(obj)/ prefix. if_changed may be +used in conjunction with custom rules as defined in `Custom Rules`_. - Note: It is a typical mistake to forget the FORCE prerequisite. - Another common pitfall is that whitespace is sometimes significant; for - instance, the below will fail (note the extra space after the comma):: +Note: It is a typical mistake to forget the FORCE prerequisite. +Another common pitfall is that whitespace is sometimes significant; for +instance, the below will fail (note the extra space after the comma):: - target: source(s) FORCE + target: source(s) FORCE - **WRONG!** $(call if_changed, objcopy) +**WRONG!** $(call if_changed, objcopy) - Note: - if_changed should not be used more than once per target. - It stores the executed command in a corresponding .cmd - file and multiple calls would result in overwrites and - unwanted results when the target is up to date and only the - tests on changed commands trigger execution of commands. +Note: + if_changed should not be used more than once per target. + It stores the executed command in a corresponding .cmd + file and multiple calls would result in overwrites and + unwanted results when the target is up to date and only the + tests on changed commands trigger execution of commands. $(CC) support functions ----------------------- - The kernel may be built with several different versions of - $(CC), each supporting a unique set of features and options. - kbuild provides basic support to check for valid options for $(CC). - $(CC) is usually the gcc compiler, but other alternatives are - available. +The kernel may be built with several different versions of +$(CC), each supporting a unique set of features and options. +kbuild provides basic support to check for valid options for $(CC). +$(CC) is usually the gcc compiler, but other alternatives are +available. + +as-option + as-option is used to check if $(CC) -- when used to compile + assembler (`*.S`) files -- supports the given option. An optional + second option may be specified if the first option is not supported. + + Example:: + + #arch/sh/Makefile + cflags-y += $(call as-option,-Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y),) - as-option - as-option is used to check if $(CC) -- when used to compile - assembler (`*.S`) files -- supports the given option. An optional - second option may be specified if the first option is not supported. + In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option + -Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y) if it is supported by $(CC). + The second argument is optional, and if supplied will be used + if first argument is not supported. - Example:: +as-instr + as-instr checks if the assembler reports a specific instruction + and then outputs either option1 or option2 + C escapes are supported in the test instruction + Note: as-instr-option uses KBUILD_AFLAGS for assembler options - #arch/sh/Makefile - cflags-y += $(call as-option,-Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y),) +cc-option + cc-option is used to check if $(CC) supports a given option, and if + not supported to use an optional second option. - In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option - -Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y) if it is supported by $(CC). - The second argument is optional, and if supplied will be used - if first argument is not supported. + Example:: - as-instr - as-instr checks if the assembler reports a specific instruction - and then outputs either option1 or option2 - C escapes are supported in the test instruction - Note: as-instr-option uses KBUILD_AFLAGS for assembler options + #arch/x86/Makefile + cflags-y += $(call cc-option,-march=pentium-mmx,-march=i586) - cc-option - cc-option is used to check if $(CC) supports a given option, and if - not supported to use an optional second option. + In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option + -march=pentium-mmx if supported by $(CC), otherwise -march=i586. + The second argument to cc-option is optional, and if omitted, + cflags-y will be assigned no value if first option is not supported. + Note: cc-option uses KBUILD_CFLAGS for $(CC) options - Example:: +cc-option-yn + cc-option-yn is used to check if gcc supports a given option + and return 'y' if supported, otherwise 'n'. - #arch/x86/Makefile - cflags-y += $(call cc-option,-march=pentium-mmx,-march=i586) + Example:: - In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option - -march=pentium-mmx if supported by $(CC), otherwise -march=i586. - The second argument to cc-option is optional, and if omitted, - cflags-y will be assigned no value if first option is not supported. - Note: cc-option uses KBUILD_CFLAGS for $(CC) options + #arch/ppc/Makefile + biarch := $(call cc-option-yn, -m32) + aflags-$(biarch) += -a32 + cflags-$(biarch) += -m32 - cc-option-yn - cc-option-yn is used to check if gcc supports a given option - and return 'y' if supported, otherwise 'n'. + In the above example, $(biarch) is set to y if $(CC) supports the -m32 + option. When $(biarch) equals 'y', the expanded variables $(aflags-y) + and $(cflags-y) will be assigned the values -a32 and -m32, + respectively. - Example:: + Note: cc-option-yn uses KBUILD_CFLAGS for $(CC) options - #arch/ppc/Makefile - biarch := $(call cc-option-yn, -m32) - aflags-$(biarch) += -a32 - cflags-$(biarch) += -m32 +cc-disable-warning + cc-disable-warning checks if gcc supports a given warning and returns + the commandline switch to disable it. This special function is needed, + because gcc 4.4 and later accept any unknown -Wno-* option and only + warn about it if there is another warning in the source file. - In the above example, $(biarch) is set to y if $(CC) supports the -m32 - option. When $(biarch) equals 'y', the expanded variables $(aflags-y) - and $(cflags-y) will be assigned the values -a32 and -m32, - respectively. - Note: cc-option-yn uses KBUILD_CFLAGS for $(CC) options + Example:: - cc-disable-warning - cc-disable-warning checks if gcc supports a given warning and returns - the commandline switch to disable it. This special function is needed, - because gcc 4.4 and later accept any unknown -Wno-* option and only - warn about it if there is another warning in the source file. + KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-disable-warning, unused-but-set-variable) - Example:: + In the above example, -Wno-unused-but-set-variable will be added to + KBUILD_CFLAGS only if gcc really accepts it. - KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-disable-warning, unused-but-set-variable) +gcc-min-version + gcc-min-version tests if the value of $(CONFIG_GCC_VERSION) is greater than + or equal to the provided value and evaluates to y if so. - In the above example, -Wno-unused-but-set-variable will be added to - KBUILD_CFLAGS only if gcc really accepts it. + Example:: - gcc-min-version - gcc-min-version tests if the value of $(CONFIG_GCC_VERSION) is greater than - or equal to the provided value and evaluates to y if so. + cflags-$(call gcc-min-version, 70100) := -foo - Example:: + In this example, cflags-y will be assigned the value -foo if $(CC) is gcc and + $(CONFIG_GCC_VERSION) is >= 7.1. - cflags-$(call gcc-min-version, 70100) := -foo +clang-min-version + clang-min-version tests if the value of $(CONFIG_CLANG_VERSION) is greater + than or equal to the provided value and evaluates to y if so. - In this example, cflags-y will be assigned the value -foo if $(CC) is gcc and - $(CONFIG_GCC_VERSION) is >= 7.1. + Example:: - clang-min-version - clang-min-version tests if the value of $(CONFIG_CLANG_VERSION) is greater - than or equal to the provided value and evaluates to y if so. + cflags-$(call clang-min-version, 110000) := -foo - Example:: + In this example, cflags-y will be assigned the value -foo if $(CC) is clang + and $(CONFIG_CLANG_VERSION) is >= 11.0.0. - cflags-$(call clang-min-version, 110000) := -foo +cc-cross-prefix + cc-cross-prefix is used to check if there exists a $(CC) in path with + one of the listed prefixes. The first prefix where there exist a + prefix$(CC) in the PATH is returned - and if no prefix$(CC) is found + then nothing is returned. - In this example, cflags-y will be assigned the value -foo if $(CC) is clang - and $(CONFIG_CLANG_VERSION) is >= 11.0.0. + Additional prefixes are separated by a single space in the + call of cc-cross-prefix. - cc-cross-prefix - cc-cross-prefix is used to check if there exists a $(CC) in path with - one of the listed prefixes. The first prefix where there exist a - prefix$(CC) in the PATH is returned - and if no prefix$(CC) is found - then nothing is returned. - Additional prefixes are separated by a single space in the - call of cc-cross-prefix. - This functionality is useful for architecture Makefiles that try - to set CROSS_COMPILE to well-known values but may have several - values to select between. - It is recommended only to try to set CROSS_COMPILE if it is a cross - build (host arch is different from target arch). And if CROSS_COMPILE - is already set then leave it with the old value. + This functionality is useful for architecture Makefiles that try + to set CROSS_COMPILE to well-known values but may have several + values to select between. - Example:: + It is recommended only to try to set CROSS_COMPILE if it is a cross + build (host arch is different from target arch). And if CROSS_COMPILE + is already set then leave it with the old value. - #arch/m68k/Makefile - ifneq ($(SUBARCH),$(ARCH)) - ifeq ($(CROSS_COMPILE),) - CROSS_COMPILE := $(call cc-cross-prefix, m68k-linux-gnu-) - endif - endif + Example:: + + #arch/m68k/Makefile + ifneq ($(SUBARCH),$(ARCH)) + ifeq ($(CROSS_COMPILE),) + CROSS_COMPILE := $(call cc-cross-prefix, m68k-linux-gnu-) + endif + endif $(LD) support functions ----------------------- - ld-option - ld-option is used to check if $(LD) supports the supplied option. - ld-option takes two options as arguments. - The second argument is an optional option that can be used if the - first option is not supported by $(LD). +ld-option + ld-option is used to check if $(LD) supports the supplied option. + ld-option takes two options as arguments. + + The second argument is an optional option that can be used if the + first option is not supported by $(LD). - Example:: + Example:: - #Makefile - LDFLAGS_vmlinux += $(call ld-option, -X) + #Makefile + LDFLAGS_vmlinux += $(call ld-option, -X) Script invocation ----------------- - Make rules may invoke scripts to build the kernel. The rules shall - always provide the appropriate interpreter to execute the script. They - shall not rely on the execute bits being set, and shall not invoke the - script directly. For the convenience of manual script invocation, such - as invoking ./scripts/checkpatch.pl, it is recommended to set execute - bits on the scripts nonetheless. +Make rules may invoke scripts to build the kernel. The rules shall +always provide the appropriate interpreter to execute the script. They +shall not rely on the execute bits being set, and shall not invoke the +script directly. For the convenience of manual script invocation, such +as invoking ./scripts/checkpatch.pl, it is recommended to set execute +bits on the scripts nonetheless. - Kbuild provides variables $(CONFIG_SHELL), $(AWK), $(PERL), - and $(PYTHON3) to refer to interpreters for the respective - scripts. +Kbuild provides variables $(CONFIG_SHELL), $(AWK), $(PERL), +and $(PYTHON3) to refer to interpreters for the respective +scripts. - Example:: +Example:: - #Makefile - cmd_depmod = $(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/depmod.sh $(DEPMOD) \ - $(KERNELRELEASE) + #Makefile + cmd_depmod = $(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/depmod.sh $(DEPMOD) \ + $(KERNELRELEASE) Host Program support ==================== Kbuild supports building executables on the host for use during the compilation stage. + Two steps are required in order to use a host executable. The first step is to tell kbuild that a host program exists. This is @@ -703,154 +710,157 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. Simple Host Program ------------------- - In some cases there is a need to compile and run a program on the - computer where the build is running. - The following line tells kbuild that the program bin2hex shall be - built on the build host. +In some cases there is a need to compile and run a program on the +computer where the build is running. + +The following line tells kbuild that the program bin2hex shall be +built on the build host. - Example:: +Example:: - hostprogs := bin2hex + hostprogs := bin2hex - Kbuild assumes in the above example that bin2hex is made from a single - c-source file named bin2hex.c located in the same directory as - the Makefile. +Kbuild assumes in the above example that bin2hex is made from a single +c-source file named bin2hex.c located in the same directory as +the Makefile. Composite Host Programs ----------------------- - Host programs can be made up based on composite objects. - The syntax used to define composite objects for host programs is - similar to the syntax used for kernel objects. - $(-objs) lists all objects used to link the final - executable. +Host programs can be made up based on composite objects. +The syntax used to define composite objects for host programs is +similar to the syntax used for kernel objects. +$(-objs) lists all objects used to link the final +executable. - Example:: +Example:: - #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile - hostprogs := lxdialog - lxdialog-objs := checklist.o lxdialog.o + #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile + hostprogs := lxdialog + lxdialog-objs := checklist.o lxdialog.o - Objects with extension .o are compiled from the corresponding .c - files. In the above example, checklist.c is compiled to checklist.o - and lxdialog.c is compiled to lxdialog.o. +Objects with extension .o are compiled from the corresponding .c +files. In the above example, checklist.c is compiled to checklist.o +and lxdialog.c is compiled to lxdialog.o. - Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, lxdialog. - Note: The syntax -y is not permitted for host-programs. +Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, lxdialog. +Note: The syntax -y is not permitted for host-programs. Using C++ for host programs --------------------------- - kbuild offers support for host programs written in C++. This was - introduced solely to support kconfig, and is not recommended - for general use. +kbuild offers support for host programs written in C++. This was +introduced solely to support kconfig, and is not recommended +for general use. - Example:: +Example:: - #scripts/kconfig/Makefile - hostprogs := qconf - qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o + #scripts/kconfig/Makefile + hostprogs := qconf + qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o - In the example above the executable is composed of the C++ file - qconf.cc - identified by $(qconf-cxxobjs). +In the example above the executable is composed of the C++ file +qconf.cc - identified by $(qconf-cxxobjs). - If qconf is composed of a mixture of .c and .cc files, then an - additional line can be used to identify this. +If qconf is composed of a mixture of .c and .cc files, then an +additional line can be used to identify this. - Example:: +Example:: - #scripts/kconfig/Makefile - hostprogs := qconf - qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o - qconf-objs := check.o + #scripts/kconfig/Makefile + hostprogs := qconf + qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o + qconf-objs := check.o Using Rust for host programs ---------------------------- - Kbuild offers support for host programs written in Rust. However, - since a Rust toolchain is not mandatory for kernel compilation, - it may only be used in scenarios where Rust is required to be - available (e.g. when ``CONFIG_RUST`` is enabled). +Kbuild offers support for host programs written in Rust. However, +since a Rust toolchain is not mandatory for kernel compilation, +it may only be used in scenarios where Rust is required to be +available (e.g. when ``CONFIG_RUST`` is enabled). - Example:: +Example:: - hostprogs := target - target-rust := y + hostprogs := target + target-rust := y - Kbuild will compile ``target`` using ``target.rs`` as the crate root, - located in the same directory as the ``Makefile``. The crate may - consist of several source files (see ``samples/rust/hostprogs``). +Kbuild will compile ``target`` using ``target.rs`` as the crate root, +located in the same directory as the ``Makefile``. The crate may +consist of several source files (see ``samples/rust/hostprogs``). Controlling compiler options for host programs ---------------------------------------------- - When compiling host programs, it is possible to set specific flags. - The programs will always be compiled utilising $(HOSTCC) passed - the options specified in $(KBUILD_HOSTCFLAGS). - To set flags that will take effect for all host programs created - in that Makefile, use the variable HOST_EXTRACFLAGS. +When compiling host programs, it is possible to set specific flags. +The programs will always be compiled utilising $(HOSTCC) passed +the options specified in $(KBUILD_HOSTCFLAGS). - Example:: +To set flags that will take effect for all host programs created +in that Makefile, use the variable HOST_EXTRACFLAGS. - #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile - HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += -I/usr/include/ncurses +Example:: - To set specific flags for a single file the following construction - is used: + #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile + HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += -I/usr/include/ncurses - Example:: +To set specific flags for a single file the following construction +is used: - #arch/ppc64/boot/Makefile - HOSTCFLAGS_piggyback.o := -DKERNELBASE=$(KERNELBASE) +Example:: - It is also possible to specify additional options to the linker. + #arch/ppc64/boot/Makefile + HOSTCFLAGS_piggyback.o := -DKERNELBASE=$(KERNELBASE) - Example:: +It is also possible to specify additional options to the linker. - #scripts/kconfig/Makefile - HOSTLDLIBS_qconf := -L$(QTDIR)/lib +Example:: - When linking qconf, it will be passed the extra option - "-L$(QTDIR)/lib". + #scripts/kconfig/Makefile + HOSTLDLIBS_qconf := -L$(QTDIR)/lib + +When linking qconf, it will be passed the extra option +"-L$(QTDIR)/lib". When host programs are actually built ------------------------------------- - Kbuild will only build host-programs when they are referenced - as a prerequisite. - This is possible in two ways: +Kbuild will only build host-programs when they are referenced +as a prerequisite. + +This is possible in two ways: - (1) List the prerequisite explicitly in a custom rule. +(1) List the prerequisite explicitly in a custom rule. - Example:: + Example:: - #drivers/pci/Makefile - hostprogs := gen-devlist - $(obj)/devlist.h: $(src)/pci.ids $(obj)/gen-devlist - ( cd $(obj); ./gen-devlist ) < $< + #drivers/pci/Makefile + hostprogs := gen-devlist + $(obj)/devlist.h: $(src)/pci.ids $(obj)/gen-devlist + ( cd $(obj); ./gen-devlist ) < $< - The target $(obj)/devlist.h will not be built before - $(obj)/gen-devlist is updated. Note that references to - the host programs in custom rules must be prefixed with $(obj). + The target $(obj)/devlist.h will not be built before + $(obj)/gen-devlist is updated. Note that references to + the host programs in custom rules must be prefixed with $(obj). - (2) Use always-y +(2) Use always-y - When there is no suitable custom rule, and the host program - shall be built when a makefile is entered, the always-y - variable shall be used. + When there is no suitable custom rule, and the host program + shall be built when a makefile is entered, the always-y + variable shall be used. - Example:: + Example:: - #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile - hostprogs := lxdialog - always-y := $(hostprogs) + #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile + hostprogs := lxdialog + always-y := $(hostprogs) - Kbuild provides the following shorthand for this: + Kbuild provides the following shorthand for this:: - hostprogs-always-y := lxdialog + hostprogs-always-y := lxdialog - This will tell kbuild to build lxdialog even if not referenced in - any rule. + This will tell kbuild to build lxdialog even if not referenced in + any rule. Userspace Program support ========================= @@ -865,100 +875,101 @@ The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use "userprogs" instead of Simple Userspace Program ------------------------ - The following line tells kbuild that the program bpf-direct shall be - built for the target architecture. +The following line tells kbuild that the program bpf-direct shall be +built for the target architecture. - Example:: +Example:: - userprogs := bpf-direct + userprogs := bpf-direct - Kbuild assumes in the above example that bpf-direct is made from a - single C source file named bpf-direct.c located in the same directory - as the Makefile. +Kbuild assumes in the above example that bpf-direct is made from a +single C source file named bpf-direct.c located in the same directory +as the Makefile. Composite Userspace Programs ---------------------------- - Userspace programs can be made up based on composite objects. - The syntax used to define composite objects for userspace programs is - similar to the syntax used for kernel objects. - $(-objs) lists all objects used to link the final - executable. +Userspace programs can be made up based on composite objects. +The syntax used to define composite objects for userspace programs is +similar to the syntax used for kernel objects. +$(-objs) lists all objects used to link the final +executable. - Example:: +Example:: - #samples/seccomp/Makefile - userprogs := bpf-fancy - bpf-fancy-objs := bpf-fancy.o bpf-helper.o + #samples/seccomp/Makefile + userprogs := bpf-fancy + bpf-fancy-objs := bpf-fancy.o bpf-helper.o - Objects with extension .o are compiled from the corresponding .c - files. In the above example, bpf-fancy.c is compiled to bpf-fancy.o - and bpf-helper.c is compiled to bpf-helper.o. +Objects with extension .o are compiled from the corresponding .c +files. In the above example, bpf-fancy.c is compiled to bpf-fancy.o +and bpf-helper.c is compiled to bpf-helper.o. - Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, bpf-fancy. - Note: The syntax -y is not permitted for userspace programs. +Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, bpf-fancy. +Note: The syntax -y is not permitted for userspace programs. Controlling compiler options for userspace programs --------------------------------------------------- - When compiling userspace programs, it is possible to set specific flags. - The programs will always be compiled utilising $(CC) passed - the options specified in $(KBUILD_USERCFLAGS). - To set flags that will take effect for all userspace programs created - in that Makefile, use the variable userccflags. +When compiling userspace programs, it is possible to set specific flags. +The programs will always be compiled utilising $(CC) passed +the options specified in $(KBUILD_USERCFLAGS). + +To set flags that will take effect for all userspace programs created +in that Makefile, use the variable userccflags. - Example:: +Example:: - # samples/seccomp/Makefile - userccflags += -I usr/include + # samples/seccomp/Makefile + userccflags += -I usr/include - To set specific flags for a single file the following construction - is used: +To set specific flags for a single file the following construction +is used: - Example:: +Example:: - bpf-helper-userccflags += -I user/include + bpf-helper-userccflags += -I user/include - It is also possible to specify additional options to the linker. +It is also possible to specify additional options to the linker. - Example:: +Example:: - # net/bpfilter/Makefile - bpfilter_umh-userldflags += -static + # net/bpfilter/Makefile + bpfilter_umh-userldflags += -static - When linking bpfilter_umh, it will be passed the extra option -static. +When linking bpfilter_umh, it will be passed the extra option -static. - From command line, :ref:`USERCFLAGS and USERLDFLAGS ` will also be used. +From command line, :ref:`USERCFLAGS and USERLDFLAGS ` will also be used. When userspace programs are actually built ------------------------------------------ - Kbuild builds userspace programs only when told to do so. - There are two ways to do this. +Kbuild builds userspace programs only when told to do so. +There are two ways to do this. - (1) Add it as the prerequisite of another file +(1) Add it as the prerequisite of another file - Example:: + Example:: - #net/bpfilter/Makefile - userprogs := bpfilter_umh - $(obj)/bpfilter_umh_blob.o: $(obj)/bpfilter_umh + #net/bpfilter/Makefile + userprogs := bpfilter_umh + $(obj)/bpfilter_umh_blob.o: $(obj)/bpfilter_umh - $(obj)/bpfilter_umh is built before $(obj)/bpfilter_umh_blob.o + $(obj)/bpfilter_umh is built before $(obj)/bpfilter_umh_blob.o - (2) Use always-y +(2) Use always-y - Example:: + Example:: - userprogs := binderfs_example - always-y := $(userprogs) + userprogs := binderfs_example + always-y := $(userprogs) - Kbuild provides the following shorthand for this: + Kbuild provides the following shorthand for this:: - userprogs-always-y := binderfs_example + userprogs-always-y := binderfs_example - This will tell Kbuild to build binderfs_example when it visits this - Makefile. + This will tell Kbuild to build binderfs_example when it visits this + Makefile. Kbuild clean infrastructure =========================== @@ -974,10 +985,10 @@ source tree when "make clean" is executed. Additional files or directories can be specified in kbuild makefiles by use of $(clean-files). - Example:: +Example:: - #lib/Makefile - clean-files := crc32table.h + #lib/Makefile + clean-files := crc32table.h When executing "make clean", the file "crc32table.h" will be deleted. Kbuild will assume files to be in the same relative directory as the @@ -990,10 +1001,10 @@ Usually kbuild descends down in subdirectories due to "obj-* := dir/", but in the architecture makefiles where the kbuild infrastructure is not sufficient this sometimes needs to be explicit. - Example:: +Example:: - #arch/x86/boot/Makefile - subdir- := compressed + #arch/x86/boot/Makefile + subdir- := compressed The above assignment instructs kbuild to descend down in the directory compressed/ when "make clean" is executed. @@ -1010,442 +1021,461 @@ Architecture Makefiles The top level Makefile sets up the environment and does the preparation, before starting to descend down in the individual directories. + The top level makefile contains the generic part, whereas arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile contains what is required to set up kbuild for said architecture. + To do so, arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile sets up a number of variables and defines a few targets. When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): 1) Configuration of the kernel => produce .config + 2) Store kernel version in include/linux/version.h + 3) Updating all other prerequisites to the target prepare: + - Additional prerequisites are specified in arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile + 4) Recursively descend down in all directories listed in init-* core* drivers-* net-* libs-* and build all targets. + - The values of the above variables are expanded in arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile. + 5) All object files are then linked and the resulting file vmlinux is located at the root of the obj tree. The very first objects linked are listed in scripts/head-object-list.txt. + 6) Finally, the architecture-specific part does any required post processing and builds the final bootimage. + - This includes building boot records - Preparing initrd images and the like - Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture ---------------------------------------------------- - KBUILD_LDFLAGS - Generic $(LD) options +KBUILD_LDFLAGS + Generic $(LD) options - Flags used for all invocations of the linker. - Often specifying the emulation is sufficient. + Flags used for all invocations of the linker. + Often specifying the emulation is sufficient. - Example:: + Example:: - #arch/s390/Makefile - KBUILD_LDFLAGS := -m elf_s390 + #arch/s390/Makefile + KBUILD_LDFLAGS := -m elf_s390 - Note: ldflags-y can be used to further customise - the flags used. See `Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y`_. + Note: ldflags-y can be used to further customise + the flags used. See `Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y`_. - LDFLAGS_vmlinux - Options for $(LD) when linking vmlinux +LDFLAGS_vmlinux + Options for $(LD) when linking vmlinux - LDFLAGS_vmlinux is used to specify additional flags to pass to - the linker when linking the final vmlinux image. - LDFLAGS_vmlinux uses the LDFLAGS_$@ support. + LDFLAGS_vmlinux is used to specify additional flags to pass to + the linker when linking the final vmlinux image. - Example:: + LDFLAGS_vmlinux uses the LDFLAGS_$@ support. - #arch/x86/Makefile - LDFLAGS_vmlinux := -e stext + Example:: - OBJCOPYFLAGS - objcopy flags + #arch/x86/Makefile + LDFLAGS_vmlinux := -e stext - When $(call if_changed,objcopy) is used to translate a .o file, - the flags specified in OBJCOPYFLAGS will be used. - $(call if_changed,objcopy) is often used to generate raw binaries on - vmlinux. +OBJCOPYFLAGS + objcopy flags - Example:: + When $(call if_changed,objcopy) is used to translate a .o file, + the flags specified in OBJCOPYFLAGS will be used. - #arch/s390/Makefile - OBJCOPYFLAGS := -O binary + $(call if_changed,objcopy) is often used to generate raw binaries on + vmlinux. - #arch/s390/boot/Makefile - $(obj)/image: vmlinux FORCE - $(call if_changed,objcopy) + Example:: - In this example, the binary $(obj)/image is a binary version of - vmlinux. The usage of $(call if_changed,xxx) will be described later. + #arch/s390/Makefile + OBJCOPYFLAGS := -O binary - KBUILD_AFLAGS - Assembler flags + #arch/s390/boot/Makefile + $(obj)/image: vmlinux FORCE + $(call if_changed,objcopy) - Default value - see top level Makefile - Append or modify as required per architecture. + In this example, the binary $(obj)/image is a binary version of + vmlinux. The usage of $(call if_changed,xxx) will be described later. - Example:: +KBUILD_AFLAGS + Assembler flags - #arch/sparc64/Makefile - KBUILD_AFLAGS += -m64 -mcpu=ultrasparc + Default value - see top level Makefile. - KBUILD_CFLAGS - $(CC) compiler flags + Append or modify as required per architecture. - Default value - see top level Makefile - Append or modify as required per architecture. + Example:: - Often, the KBUILD_CFLAGS variable depends on the configuration. + #arch/sparc64/Makefile + KBUILD_AFLAGS += -m64 -mcpu=ultrasparc - Example:: +KBUILD_CFLAGS + $(CC) compiler flags - #arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile - cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_32) := -march=i386 - cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_64) := -mcmodel=small - KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(cflags-y) + Default value - see top level Makefile. - Many arch Makefiles dynamically run the target C compiler to - probe supported options:: + Append or modify as required per architecture. - #arch/x86/Makefile + Often, the KBUILD_CFLAGS variable depends on the configuration. - ... - cflags-$(CONFIG_MPENTIUMII) += $(call cc-option,\ - -march=pentium2,-march=i686) - ... - # Disable unit-at-a-time mode ... - KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-unit-at-a-time) - ... + Example:: + + #arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile + cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_32) := -march=i386 + cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_64) := -mcmodel=small + KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(cflags-y) + + Many arch Makefiles dynamically run the target C compiler to + probe supported options:: + + #arch/x86/Makefile + ... + cflags-$(CONFIG_MPENTIUMII) += $(call cc-option,\ + -march=pentium2,-march=i686) + ... + # Disable unit-at-a-time mode ... + KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-unit-at-a-time) + ... - The first example utilises the trick that a config option expands - to 'y' when selected. - KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS - $(RUSTC) compiler flags + The first example utilises the trick that a config option expands + to 'y' when selected. - Default value - see top level Makefile - Append or modify as required per architecture. +KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS + $(RUSTC) compiler flags - Often, the KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS variable depends on the configuration. + Default value - see top level Makefile. - Note that target specification file generation (for ``--target``) - is handled in ``scripts/generate_rust_target.rs``. + Append or modify as required per architecture. - KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL - Assembler options specific for built-in + Often, the KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS variable depends on the configuration. - $(KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile - resident kernel code. + Note that target specification file generation (for ``--target``) + is handled in ``scripts/generate_rust_target.rs``. - KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE - Assembler options specific for modules +KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL + Assembler options specific for built-in - $(KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that - are used for assembler. + $(KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile + resident kernel code. - From commandline AFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). +KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE + Assembler options specific for modules - KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL - $(CC) options specific for built-in + $(KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that + are used for assembler. - $(KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile - resident kernel code. + From commandline AFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). - KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE - Options for $(CC) when building modules +KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL + $(CC) options specific for built-in - $(KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that - are used for $(CC). - From commandline CFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). + $(KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile + resident kernel code. - KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL - $(RUSTC) options specific for built-in +KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE + Options for $(CC) when building modules - $(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra Rust compiler flags used to - compile resident kernel code. + $(KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that + are used for $(CC). - KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE - Options for $(RUSTC) when building modules + From commandline CFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). - $(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that - are used for $(RUSTC). - From commandline RUSTFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). +KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL + $(RUSTC) options specific for built-in - KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE - Options for $(LD) when linking modules + $(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra Rust compiler flags used to + compile resident kernel code. - $(KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options - used when linking modules. This is often a linker script. +KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE + Options for $(RUSTC) when building modules - From commandline LDFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). + $(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that + are used for $(RUSTC). - KBUILD_LDS + From commandline RUSTFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). - The linker script with full path. Assigned by the top-level Makefile. +KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE + Options for $(LD) when linking modules - KBUILD_LDS_MODULE + $(KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options + used when linking modules. This is often a linker script. - The module linker script with full path. Assigned by the top-level - Makefile and additionally by the arch Makefile. + From commandline LDFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst). - KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS +KBUILD_LDS + The linker script with full path. Assigned by the top-level Makefile. - All object files for vmlinux. They are linked to vmlinux in the same - order as listed in KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS. +KBUILD_LDS_MODULE + The module linker script with full path. Assigned by the top-level + Makefile and additionally by the arch Makefile. - The objects listed in scripts/head-object-list.txt are exceptions; - they are placed before the other objects. +KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS + All object files for vmlinux. They are linked to vmlinux in the same + order as listed in KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS. - KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS + The objects listed in scripts/head-object-list.txt are exceptions; + they are placed before the other objects. - All .a "lib" files for vmlinux. KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS and - KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS together specify all the object files used to - link vmlinux. +KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS + All .a "lib" files for vmlinux. KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS and + KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS together specify all the object files used to + link vmlinux. Add prerequisites to archheaders -------------------------------- - The archheaders: rule is used to generate header files that - may be installed into user space by "make header_install". - - It is run before "make archprepare" when run on the - architecture itself. +The archheaders: rule is used to generate header files that +may be installed into user space by "make header_install". +It is run before "make archprepare" when run on the +architecture itself. Add prerequisites to archprepare -------------------------------- - The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that need to be - built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories. - This is usually used for header files containing assembler constants. +The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that need to be +built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories. - Example:: +This is usually used for header files containing assembler constants. - #arch/arm/Makefile - archprepare: maketools +Example:: - In this example, the file target maketools will be processed - before descending down in the subdirectories. - See also chapter XXX-TODO that describes how kbuild supports - generating offset header files. + #arch/arm/Makefile + archprepare: maketools +In this example, the file target maketools will be processed +before descending down in the subdirectories. + +See also chapter XXX-TODO that describes how kbuild supports +generating offset header files. List directories to visit when descending ----------------------------------------- - An arch Makefile cooperates with the top Makefile to define variables - which specify how to build the vmlinux file. Note that there is no - corresponding arch-specific section for modules; the module-building - machinery is all architecture-independent. - +An arch Makefile cooperates with the top Makefile to define variables +which specify how to build the vmlinux file. Note that there is no +corresponding arch-specific section for modules; the module-building +machinery is all architecture-independent. - core-y, libs-y, drivers-y +core-y, libs-y, drivers-y + $(libs-y) lists directories where a lib.a archive can be located. - $(libs-y) lists directories where a lib.a archive can be located. + The rest list directories where a built-in.a object file can be + located. - The rest list directories where a built-in.a object file can be - located. + Then the rest follows in this order: - Then the rest follows in this order: + $(core-y), $(libs-y), $(drivers-y) - $(core-y), $(libs-y), $(drivers-y) + The top level Makefile defines values for all generic directories, + and arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile only adds architecture-specific + directories. - The top level Makefile defines values for all generic directories, - and arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile only adds architecture-specific - directories. + Example:: - Example:: + # arch/sparc/Makefile + core-y += arch/sparc/ - # arch/sparc/Makefile - core-y += arch/sparc/ + libs-y += arch/sparc/prom/ + libs-y += arch/sparc/lib/ - libs-y += arch/sparc/prom/ - libs-y += arch/sparc/lib/ - - drivers-$(CONFIG_PM) += arch/sparc/power/ + drivers-$(CONFIG_PM) += arch/sparc/power/ Architecture-specific boot images --------------------------------- - An arch Makefile specifies goals that take the vmlinux file, compress - it, wrap it in bootstrapping code, and copy the resulting files - somewhere. This includes various kinds of installation commands. - The actual goals are not standardized across architectures. +An arch Makefile specifies goals that take the vmlinux file, compress +it, wrap it in bootstrapping code, and copy the resulting files +somewhere. This includes various kinds of installation commands. +The actual goals are not standardized across architectures. + +It is common to locate any additional processing in a boot/ +directory below arch/$(SRCARCH)/. - It is common to locate any additional processing in a boot/ - directory below arch/$(SRCARCH)/. +Kbuild does not provide any smart way to support building a +target specified in boot/. Therefore arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile shall +call make manually to build a target in boot/. - Kbuild does not provide any smart way to support building a - target specified in boot/. Therefore arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile shall - call make manually to build a target in boot/. +The recommended approach is to include shortcuts in +arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile, and use the full path when calling down +into the arch/$(SRCARCH)/boot/Makefile. - The recommended approach is to include shortcuts in - arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile, and use the full path when calling down - into the arch/$(SRCARCH)/boot/Makefile. +Example:: - Example:: + #arch/x86/Makefile + boot := arch/x86/boot + bzImage: vmlinux + $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(boot)/$@ - #arch/x86/Makefile - boot := arch/x86/boot - bzImage: vmlinux - $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(boot)/$@ +"$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=" is the recommended way to invoke +make in a subdirectory. - "$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=" is the recommended way to invoke - make in a subdirectory. +There are no rules for naming architecture-specific targets, +but executing "make help" will list all relevant targets. +To support this, $(archhelp) must be defined. - There are no rules for naming architecture-specific targets, - but executing "make help" will list all relevant targets. - To support this, $(archhelp) must be defined. +Example:: - Example:: + #arch/x86/Makefile + define archhelp + echo '* bzImage - Compressed kernel image (arch/x86/boot/bzImage)' + endif - #arch/x86/Makefile - define archhelp - echo '* bzImage - Compressed kernel image (arch/x86/boot/bzImage)' - endif +When make is executed without arguments, the first goal encountered +will be built. In the top level Makefile the first goal present +is all:. - When make is executed without arguments, the first goal encountered - will be built. In the top level Makefile the first goal present - is all:. - An architecture shall always, per default, build a bootable image. - In "make help", the default goal is highlighted with a '*'. - Add a new prerequisite to all: to select a default goal different - from vmlinux. +An architecture shall always, per default, build a bootable image. +In "make help", the default goal is highlighted with a '*'. - Example:: +Add a new prerequisite to all: to select a default goal different +from vmlinux. - #arch/x86/Makefile - all: bzImage +Example:: - When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built. + #arch/x86/Makefile + all: bzImage + +When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built. Commands useful for building a boot image ----------------------------------------- - Kbuild provides a few macros that are useful when building a - boot image. +Kbuild provides a few macros that are useful when building a +boot image. + +ld + Link target. Often, LDFLAGS_$@ is used to set specific options to ld. - ld - Link target. Often, LDFLAGS_$@ is used to set specific options to ld. + Example:: - Example:: + #arch/x86/boot/Makefile + LDFLAGS_bootsect := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary + LDFLAGS_setup := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary -e begtext - #arch/x86/boot/Makefile - LDFLAGS_bootsect := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary - LDFLAGS_setup := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary -e begtext + targets += setup setup.o bootsect bootsect.o + $(obj)/setup $(obj)/bootsect: %: %.o FORCE + $(call if_changed,ld) - targets += setup setup.o bootsect bootsect.o - $(obj)/setup $(obj)/bootsect: %: %.o FORCE - $(call if_changed,ld) + In this example, there are two possible targets, requiring different + options to the linker. The linker options are specified using the + LDFLAGS_$@ syntax - one for each potential target. - In this example, there are two possible targets, requiring different - options to the linker. The linker options are specified using the - LDFLAGS_$@ syntax - one for each potential target. - $(targets) are assigned all potential targets, by which kbuild knows - the targets and will: + $(targets) are assigned all potential targets, by which kbuild knows + the targets and will: - 1) check for commandline changes - 2) delete target during make clean + 1) check for commandline changes + 2) delete target during make clean - The ": %: %.o" part of the prerequisite is a shorthand that - frees us from listing the setup.o and bootsect.o files. + The ": %: %.o" part of the prerequisite is a shorthand that + frees us from listing the setup.o and bootsect.o files. - Note: - It is a common mistake to forget the "targets :=" assignment, - resulting in the target file being recompiled for no - obvious reason. + Note: + It is a common mistake to forget the "targets :=" assignment, + resulting in the target file being recompiled for no + obvious reason. - objcopy - Copy binary. Uses OBJCOPYFLAGS usually specified in - arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile. - OBJCOPYFLAGS_$@ may be used to set additional options. +objcopy + Copy binary. Uses OBJCOPYFLAGS usually specified in + arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile. - gzip - Compress target. Use maximum compression to compress target. + OBJCOPYFLAGS_$@ may be used to set additional options. - Example:: +gzip + Compress target. Use maximum compression to compress target. - #arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile - $(obj)/vmlinux.bin.gz: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE - $(call if_changed,gzip) + Example:: - dtc - Create flattened device tree blob object suitable for linking - into vmlinux. Device tree blobs linked into vmlinux are placed - in an init section in the image. Platform code *must* copy the - blob to non-init memory prior to calling unflatten_device_tree(). + #arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile + $(obj)/vmlinux.bin.gz: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE + $(call if_changed,gzip) - To use this command, simply add `*.dtb` into obj-y or targets, or make - some other target depend on `%.dtb` +dtc + Create flattened device tree blob object suitable for linking + into vmlinux. Device tree blobs linked into vmlinux are placed + in an init section in the image. Platform code *must* copy the + blob to non-init memory prior to calling unflatten_device_tree(). - A central rule exists to create `$(obj)/%.dtb` from `$(src)/%.dts`; - architecture Makefiles do no need to explicitly write out that rule. + To use this command, simply add `*.dtb` into obj-y or targets, or make + some other target depend on `%.dtb` - Example:: + A central rule exists to create `$(obj)/%.dtb` from `$(src)/%.dts`; + architecture Makefiles do no need to explicitly write out that rule. - targets += $(dtb-y) - DTC_FLAGS ?= -p 1024 + Example:: + + targets += $(dtb-y) + DTC_FLAGS ?= -p 1024 Preprocessing linker scripts ---------------------------- - When the vmlinux image is built, the linker script - arch/$(SRCARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds is used. - The script is a preprocessed variant of the file vmlinux.lds.S - located in the same directory. - kbuild knows .lds files and includes a rule `*lds.S` -> `*lds`. +When the vmlinux image is built, the linker script +arch/$(SRCARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds is used. + +The script is a preprocessed variant of the file vmlinux.lds.S +located in the same directory. + +kbuild knows .lds files and includes a rule `*lds.S` -> `*lds`. + +Example:: - Example:: + #arch/x86/kernel/Makefile + extra-y := vmlinux.lds - #arch/x86/kernel/Makefile - extra-y := vmlinux.lds +The assignment to extra-y is used to tell kbuild to build the +target vmlinux.lds. - The assignment to extra-y is used to tell kbuild to build the - target vmlinux.lds. - The assignment to $(CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds) tells kbuild to use the - specified options when building the target vmlinux.lds. +The assignment to $(CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds) tells kbuild to use the +specified options when building the target vmlinux.lds. - When building the `*.lds` target, kbuild uses the variables:: +When building the `*.lds` target, kbuild uses the variables:: - KBUILD_CPPFLAGS : Set in top-level Makefile - cppflags-y : May be set in the kbuild makefile - CPPFLAGS_$(@F) : Target-specific flags. - Note that the full filename is used in this - assignment. + KBUILD_CPPFLAGS : Set in top-level Makefile + cppflags-y : May be set in the kbuild makefile + CPPFLAGS_$(@F) : Target-specific flags. + Note that the full filename is used in this + assignment. - The kbuild infrastructure for `*lds` files is used in several - architecture-specific files. +The kbuild infrastructure for `*lds` files is used in several +architecture-specific files. Generic header files -------------------- - The directory include/asm-generic contains the header files - that may be shared between individual architectures. - The recommended approach how to use a generic header file is - to list the file in the Kbuild file. - See `generic-y`_ for further info on syntax etc. +The directory include/asm-generic contains the header files +that may be shared between individual architectures. + +The recommended approach how to use a generic header file is +to list the file in the Kbuild file. + +See `generic-y`_ for further info on syntax etc. Post-link pass -------------- - If the file arch/xxx/Makefile.postlink exists, this makefile - will be invoked for post-link objects (vmlinux and modules.ko) - for architectures to run post-link passes on. Must also handle - the clean target. +If the file arch/xxx/Makefile.postlink exists, this makefile +will be invoked for post-link objects (vmlinux and modules.ko) +for architectures to run post-link passes on. Must also handle +the clean target. - This pass runs after kallsyms generation. If the architecture - needs to modify symbol locations, rather than manipulate the - kallsyms, it may be easier to add another postlink target for - .tmp_vmlinux? targets to be called from link-vmlinux.sh. +This pass runs after kallsyms generation. If the architecture +needs to modify symbol locations, rather than manipulate the +kallsyms, it may be easier to add another postlink target for +.tmp_vmlinux? targets to be called from link-vmlinux.sh. - For example, powerpc uses this to check relocation sanity of - the linked vmlinux file. +For example, powerpc uses this to check relocation sanity of +the linked vmlinux file. Kbuild syntax for exported headers ================================== @@ -1453,6 +1483,7 @@ Kbuild syntax for exported headers The kernel includes a set of headers that is exported to userspace. Many headers can be exported as-is but other headers require a minimal pre-processing before they are ready for user-space. + The pre-processing does: - drop kernel-specific annotations @@ -1465,136 +1496,136 @@ are exported. A Kbuild file may be defined under arch//include/uapi/asm/ and arch//include/asm/ to list asm files coming from asm-generic. + See subsequent chapter for the syntax of the Kbuild file. no-export-headers ----------------- - no-export-headers is essentially used by include/uapi/linux/Kbuild to - avoid exporting specific headers (e.g. kvm.h) on architectures that do - not support it. It should be avoided as much as possible. +no-export-headers is essentially used by include/uapi/linux/Kbuild to +avoid exporting specific headers (e.g. kvm.h) on architectures that do +not support it. It should be avoided as much as possible. generic-y --------- - If an architecture uses a verbatim copy of a header from - include/asm-generic then this is listed in the file - arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/asm/Kbuild like this: +If an architecture uses a verbatim copy of a header from +include/asm-generic then this is listed in the file +arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/asm/Kbuild like this: - Example:: +Example:: - #arch/x86/include/asm/Kbuild - generic-y += termios.h - generic-y += rtc.h + #arch/x86/include/asm/Kbuild + generic-y += termios.h + generic-y += rtc.h - During the prepare phase of the build a wrapper include - file is generated in the directory:: +During the prepare phase of the build a wrapper include +file is generated in the directory:: - arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/generated/asm + arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/generated/asm - When a header is exported where the architecture uses - the generic header a similar wrapper is generated as part - of the set of exported headers in the directory:: +When a header is exported where the architecture uses +the generic header a similar wrapper is generated as part +of the set of exported headers in the directory:: - usr/include/asm + usr/include/asm - The generated wrapper will in both cases look like the following: +The generated wrapper will in both cases look like the following: - Example: termios.h:: +Example: termios.h:: - #include + #include generated-y ----------- - If an architecture generates other header files alongside generic-y - wrappers, generated-y specifies them. +If an architecture generates other header files alongside generic-y +wrappers, generated-y specifies them. - This prevents them being treated as stale asm-generic wrappers and - removed. +This prevents them being treated as stale asm-generic wrappers and +removed. - Example:: +Example:: - #arch/x86/include/asm/Kbuild - generated-y += syscalls_32.h + #arch/x86/include/asm/Kbuild + generated-y += syscalls_32.h mandatory-y ----------- - mandatory-y is essentially used by include/(uapi/)asm-generic/Kbuild - to define the minimum set of ASM headers that all architectures must have. +mandatory-y is essentially used by include/(uapi/)asm-generic/Kbuild +to define the minimum set of ASM headers that all architectures must have. - This works like optional generic-y. If a mandatory header is missing - in arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/(uapi/)/asm, Kbuild will automatically - generate a wrapper of the asm-generic one. +This works like optional generic-y. If a mandatory header is missing +in arch/$(SRCARCH)/include/(uapi/)/asm, Kbuild will automatically +generate a wrapper of the asm-generic one. Kbuild Variables ================ The top Makefile exports the following variables: - VERSION, PATCHLEVEL, SUBLEVEL, EXTRAVERSION - These variables define the current kernel version. A few arch - Makefiles actually use these values directly; they should use - $(KERNELRELEASE) instead. - - $(VERSION), $(PATCHLEVEL), and $(SUBLEVEL) define the basic - three-part version number, such as "2", "4", and "0". These three - values are always numeric. - - $(EXTRAVERSION) defines an even tinier sublevel for pre-patches - or additional patches. It is usually some non-numeric string - such as "-pre4", and is often blank. - - KERNELRELEASE - $(KERNELRELEASE) is a single string such as "2.4.0-pre4", suitable - for constructing installation directory names or showing in - version strings. Some arch Makefiles use it for this purpose. - - ARCH - This variable defines the target architecture, such as "i386", - "arm", or "sparc". Some kbuild Makefiles test $(ARCH) to - determine which files to compile. - - By default, the top Makefile sets $(ARCH) to be the same as the - host system architecture. For a cross build, a user may - override the value of $(ARCH) on the command line:: - - make ARCH=m68k ... - - SRCARCH - This variable specifies the directory in arch/ to build. - - ARCH and SRCARCH may not necessarily match. A couple of arch - directories are biarch, that is, a single `arch/*/` directory supports - both 32-bit and 64-bit. - - For example, you can pass in ARCH=i386, ARCH=x86_64, or ARCH=x86. - For all of them, SRCARCH=x86 because arch/x86/ supports both i386 and - x86_64. - - INSTALL_PATH - This variable defines a place for the arch Makefiles to install - the resident kernel image and System.map file. - Use this for architecture-specific install targets. - - INSTALL_MOD_PATH, MODLIB - $(INSTALL_MOD_PATH) specifies a prefix to $(MODLIB) for module - installation. This variable is not defined in the Makefile but - may be passed in by the user if desired. - - $(MODLIB) specifies the directory for module installation. - The top Makefile defines $(MODLIB) to - $(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE). The user may - override this value on the command line if desired. - - INSTALL_MOD_STRIP - If this variable is specified, it will cause modules to be stripped - after they are installed. If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is '1', then the - default option --strip-debug will be used. Otherwise, the - INSTALL_MOD_STRIP value will be used as the option(s) to the strip - command. - +VERSION, PATCHLEVEL, SUBLEVEL, EXTRAVERSION + These variables define the current kernel version. A few arch + Makefiles actually use these values directly; they should use + $(KERNELRELEASE) instead. + + $(VERSION), $(PATCHLEVEL), and $(SUBLEVEL) define the basic + three-part version number, such as "2", "4", and "0". These three + values are always numeric. + + $(EXTRAVERSION) defines an even tinier sublevel for pre-patches + or additional patches. It is usually some non-numeric string + such as "-pre4", and is often blank. + +KERNELRELEASE + $(KERNELRELEASE) is a single string such as "2.4.0-pre4", suitable + for constructing installation directory names or showing in + version strings. Some arch Makefiles use it for this purpose. + +ARCH + This variable defines the target architecture, such as "i386", + "arm", or "sparc". Some kbuild Makefiles test $(ARCH) to + determine which files to compile. + + By default, the top Makefile sets $(ARCH) to be the same as the + host system architecture. For a cross build, a user may + override the value of $(ARCH) on the command line:: + + make ARCH=m68k ... + +SRCARCH + This variable specifies the directory in arch/ to build. + + ARCH and SRCARCH may not necessarily match. A couple of arch + directories are biarch, that is, a single `arch/*/` directory supports + both 32-bit and 64-bit. + + For example, you can pass in ARCH=i386, ARCH=x86_64, or ARCH=x86. + For all of them, SRCARCH=x86 because arch/x86/ supports both i386 and + x86_64. + +INSTALL_PATH + This variable defines a place for the arch Makefiles to install + the resident kernel image and System.map file. + Use this for architecture-specific install targets. + +INSTALL_MOD_PATH, MODLIB + $(INSTALL_MOD_PATH) specifies a prefix to $(MODLIB) for module + installation. This variable is not defined in the Makefile but + may be passed in by the user if desired. + + $(MODLIB) specifies the directory for module installation. + The top Makefile defines $(MODLIB) to + $(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE). The user may + override this value on the command line if desired. + +INSTALL_MOD_STRIP + If this variable is specified, it will cause modules to be stripped + after they are installed. If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is '1', then the + default option --strip-debug will be used. Otherwise, the + INSTALL_MOD_STRIP value will be used as the option(s) to the strip + command. Makefile language ================= -- cgit v1.2.3 From 2f0e2a39bbab292a150dee658d9257c1d36f99e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jani Nikula Date: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 11:59:46 +0200 Subject: docs/kbuild/makefiles: unify quoting Adding any rst quoting seems to be controversial, but at least try to unify the existing quoting a bit, without adding new ones. Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada --- Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst | 120 ++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst index 3f7330ba5d90..0bd69d9832cc 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Who does what People have four different relationships with the kernel Makefiles. *Users* are people who build kernels. These people type commands such as -"make menuconfig" or "make". They usually do not read or edit +``make menuconfig`` or ``make``. They usually do not read or edit any kernel Makefiles (or any other source files). *Normal developers* are people who work on features such as device @@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ Most Makefiles within the kernel are kbuild Makefiles that use the kbuild infrastructure. This chapter introduces the syntax used in the kbuild makefiles. -The preferred name for the kbuild files are 'Makefile' but 'Kbuild' can -be used and if both a 'Makefile' and a 'Kbuild' file exists, then the 'Kbuild' +The preferred name for the kbuild files are ``Makefile`` but ``Kbuild`` can +be used and if both a ``Makefile`` and a ``Kbuild`` file exists, then the ``Kbuild`` file will be used. Section `Goal definitions`_ is a quick intro; further chapters provide @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ in the $(obj-y) lists. These lists depend on the kernel configuration. Kbuild compiles all the $(obj-y) files. It then calls -"$(AR) rcSTP" to merge these files into one built-in.a file. +``$(AR) rcSTP`` to merge these files into one built-in.a file. This is a thin archive without a symbol table. It will be later linked into vmlinux by scripts/link-vmlinux.sh @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ Example:: #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o -Note: In this example $(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) evaluates to 'm' +Note: In this example $(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) evaluates to "m" If a kernel module is built from several source files, you specify that you want to build a module in the same way as above; however, @@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ Example:: In this example, the module name will be isdn.o. Kbuild will compile the objects listed in $(isdn-y) and then run -"$(LD) -r" on the list of these files to generate isdn.o. +``$(LD) -r`` on the list of these files to generate isdn.o. Due to kbuild recognizing $(-y) for composite objects, -you can use the value of a `CONFIG_` symbol to optionally include an +you can use the value of a ``CONFIG_`` symbol to optionally include an object file as part of a composite object. Example:: @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ Example:: In this example, xattr.o, xattr_user.o and xattr_trusted.o are only part of the composite object ext2.o if $(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) -evaluates to 'y'. +evaluates to "y". Note: Of course, when you are building objects into the kernel, the syntax above will also work. So, if you have CONFIG_EXT2_FS=y, @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ shall be listed in libs-y. See also `List directories to visit when descending`_. -Use of lib-y is normally restricted to `lib/` and `arch/*/lib`. +Use of lib-y is normally restricted to ``lib/`` and ``arch/*/lib``. Descending down in directories ------------------------------ @@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ Example:: #fs/Makefile obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2/ -If CONFIG_EXT2_FS is set to either 'y' (built-in) or 'm' (modular) +If CONFIG_EXT2_FS is set to either "y" (built-in) or "m" (modular) the corresponding obj- variable will be set, and kbuild will descend down in the ext2 directory. @@ -245,11 +245,11 @@ Kbuild uses this information not only to decide that it needs to visit the directory, but also to decide whether or not to link objects from the directory into vmlinux. -When Kbuild descends into the directory with 'y', all built-in objects +When Kbuild descends into the directory with "y", all built-in objects from that directory are combined into the built-in.a, which will be eventually linked into vmlinux. -When Kbuild descends into the directory with 'm', in contrast, nothing +When Kbuild descends into the directory with "m", in contrast, nothing from that directory will be linked into vmlinux. If the Makefile in that directory specifies obj-y, those objects will be left orphan. It is very likely a bug of the Makefile or of dependencies in Kconfig. @@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ Examples:: Unlike obj-y/m, subdir-y/m does not need the trailing slash since this syntax is always used for directories. -It is good practice to use a `CONFIG_` variable when assigning directory +It is good practice to use a ``CONFIG_`` variable when assigning directory names. This allows kbuild to totally skip the directory if the -corresponding `CONFIG_` option is neither 'y' nor 'm'. +corresponding ``CONFIG_`` option is neither "y" nor "m". Non-builtin vmlinux targets - extra-y ------------------------------------- @@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ Example:: $(extra-y) should only contain targets needed for vmlinux. Kbuild skips extra-y when vmlinux is apparently not a final goal. -(e.g. 'make modules', or building external modules) +(e.g. ``make modules``, or building external modules) If you intend to build targets unconditionally, always-y (explained in the next section) is the correct syntax to use. @@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ Dependency tracking Kbuild tracks dependencies on the following: -1) All prerequisite files (both `*.c` and `*.h`) -2) `CONFIG_` options used in all prerequisite files +1) All prerequisite files (both ``*.c`` and ``*.h``) +2) ``CONFIG_`` options used in all prerequisite files 3) Command-line used to compile target Thus, if you change an option to $(CC) all affected files will @@ -451,10 +451,10 @@ $(obj) $(kecho) echoing information to user in a rule is often a good practice - but when execution "make -s" one does not expect to see any output + but when execution ``make -s`` one does not expect to see any output except for warnings/errors. To support this kbuild defines $(kecho) which will echo out the - text following $(kecho) to stdout except if "make -s" is used. + text following $(kecho) to stdout except if ``make -s`` is used. Example:: @@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ $(kecho) GEN lib/crc32table.h - will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=". + will be displayed with ``make KBUILD_VERBOSE=``. Command change detection ------------------------ @@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ available. as-option as-option is used to check if $(CC) -- when used to compile - assembler (`*.S`) files -- supports the given option. An optional + assembler (``*.S``) files -- supports the given option. An optional second option may be specified if the first option is not supported. Example:: @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ cc-option cc-option-yn cc-option-yn is used to check if gcc supports a given option - and return 'y' if supported, otherwise 'n'. + and return "y" if supported, otherwise "n". Example:: @@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ cc-option-yn cflags-$(biarch) += -m32 In the above example, $(biarch) is set to y if $(CC) supports the -m32 - option. When $(biarch) equals 'y', the expanded variables $(aflags-y) + option. When $(biarch) equals "y", the expanded variables $(aflags-y) and $(cflags-y) will be assigned the values -a32 and -m32, respectively. @@ -700,11 +700,11 @@ compilation stage. Two steps are required in order to use a host executable. The first step is to tell kbuild that a host program exists. This is -done utilising the variable "hostprogs". +done utilising the variable ``hostprogs``. The second step is to add an explicit dependency to the executable. This can be done in two ways. Either add the dependency in a rule, -or utilise the variable "always-y". +or utilise the variable ``always-y``. Both possibilities are described in the following. Simple Host Program @@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ Example:: HOSTLDLIBS_qconf := -L$(QTDIR)/lib When linking qconf, it will be passed the extra option -"-L$(QTDIR)/lib". +``-L$(QTDIR)/lib``. When host programs are actually built ------------------------------------- @@ -869,8 +869,8 @@ Just like host programs, Kbuild also supports building userspace executables for the target architecture (i.e. the same architecture as you are building the kernel for). -The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use "userprogs" instead of -"hostprogs". +The syntax is quite similar. The difference is to use ``userprogs`` instead of +``hostprogs``. Simple Userspace Program ------------------------ @@ -974,13 +974,13 @@ There are two ways to do this. Kbuild clean infrastructure =========================== -"make clean" deletes most generated files in the obj tree where the kernel +``make clean`` deletes most generated files in the obj tree where the kernel is compiled. This includes generated files such as host programs. Kbuild knows targets listed in $(hostprogs), $(always-y), $(always-m), $(always-), $(extra-y), $(extra-) and $(targets). They are all deleted -during "make clean". Files matching the patterns "*.[oas]", "*.ko", plus +during ``make clean``. Files matching the patterns ``*.[oas]``, ``*.ko``, plus some additional files generated by kbuild are deleted all over the kernel -source tree when "make clean" is executed. +source tree when ``make clean`` is executed. Additional files or directories can be specified in kbuild makefiles by use of $(clean-files). @@ -990,14 +990,14 @@ Example:: #lib/Makefile clean-files := crc32table.h -When executing "make clean", the file "crc32table.h" will be deleted. +When executing ``make clean``, the file ``crc32table.h`` will be deleted. Kbuild will assume files to be in the same relative directory as the Makefile. To exclude certain files or directories from make clean, use the $(no-clean-files) variable. -Usually kbuild descends down in subdirectories due to "obj-* := dir/", +Usually kbuild descends down in subdirectories due to ``obj-* := dir/``, but in the architecture makefiles where the kbuild infrastructure is not sufficient this sometimes needs to be explicit. @@ -1007,14 +1007,14 @@ Example:: subdir- := compressed The above assignment instructs kbuild to descend down in the -directory compressed/ when "make clean" is executed. +directory compressed/ when ``make clean`` is executed. -Note 1: arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile cannot use "subdir-", because that file is +Note 1: arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile cannot use ``subdir-``, because that file is included in the top level makefile. Instead, arch/$(SRCARCH)/Kbuild can use -"subdir-". +``subdir-``. Note 2: All directories listed in core-y, libs-y, drivers-y and net-y will -be visited during "make clean". +be visited during ``make clean``. Architecture Makefiles ====================== @@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ KBUILD_CFLAGS The first example utilises the trick that a config option expands - to 'y' when selected. + to "y" when selected. KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS $(RUSTC) compiler flags @@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS they are placed before the other objects. KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS - All .a "lib" files for vmlinux. KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS and + All .a ``lib`` files for vmlinux. KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS and KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS together specify all the object files used to link vmlinux. @@ -1235,9 +1235,9 @@ Add prerequisites to archheaders -------------------------------- The archheaders: rule is used to generate header files that -may be installed into user space by "make header_install". +may be installed into user space by ``make header_install``. -It is run before "make archprepare" when run on the +It is run before ``make archprepare`` when run on the architecture itself. Add prerequisites to archprepare @@ -1317,11 +1317,11 @@ Example:: bzImage: vmlinux $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(boot)/$@ -"$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=" is the recommended way to invoke +``$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=`` is the recommended way to invoke make in a subdirectory. There are no rules for naming architecture-specific targets, -but executing "make help" will list all relevant targets. +but executing ``make help`` will list all relevant targets. To support this, $(archhelp) must be defined. Example:: @@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@ will be built. In the top level Makefile the first goal present is all:. An architecture shall always, per default, build a bootable image. -In "make help", the default goal is highlighted with a '*'. +In ``make help``, the default goal is highlighted with a ``*``. Add a new prerequisite to all: to select a default goal different from vmlinux. @@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ Example:: #arch/x86/Makefile all: bzImage -When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built. +When ``make`` is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built. Commands useful for building a boot image ----------------------------------------- @@ -1377,11 +1377,11 @@ ld 1) check for commandline changes 2) delete target during make clean - The ": %: %.o" part of the prerequisite is a shorthand that + The ``: %: %.o`` part of the prerequisite is a shorthand that frees us from listing the setup.o and bootsect.o files. Note: - It is a common mistake to forget the "targets :=" assignment, + It is a common mistake to forget the ``targets :=`` assignment, resulting in the target file being recompiled for no obvious reason. @@ -1406,10 +1406,10 @@ dtc in an init section in the image. Platform code *must* copy the blob to non-init memory prior to calling unflatten_device_tree(). - To use this command, simply add `*.dtb` into obj-y or targets, or make - some other target depend on `%.dtb` + To use this command, simply add ``*.dtb`` into obj-y or targets, or make + some other target depend on ``%.dtb`` - A central rule exists to create `$(obj)/%.dtb` from `$(src)/%.dts`; + A central rule exists to create ``$(obj)/%.dtb`` from ``$(src)/%.dts``; architecture Makefiles do no need to explicitly write out that rule. Example:: @@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ arch/$(SRCARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds is used. The script is a preprocessed variant of the file vmlinux.lds.S located in the same directory. -kbuild knows .lds files and includes a rule `*lds.S` -> `*lds`. +kbuild knows .lds files and includes a rule ``*lds.S`` -> ``*lds``. Example:: @@ -1439,7 +1439,7 @@ target vmlinux.lds. The assignment to $(CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds) tells kbuild to use the specified options when building the target vmlinux.lds. -When building the `*.lds` target, kbuild uses the variables:: +When building the ``*.lds`` target, kbuild uses the variables:: KBUILD_CPPFLAGS : Set in top-level Makefile cppflags-y : May be set in the kbuild makefile @@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ When building the `*.lds` target, kbuild uses the variables:: Note that the full filename is used in this assignment. -The kbuild infrastructure for `*lds` files is used in several +The kbuild infrastructure for ``*lds`` files is used in several architecture-specific files. Generic header files @@ -1488,7 +1488,7 @@ The pre-processing does: - drop kernel-specific annotations - drop include of compiler.h -- drop all sections that are kernel internal (guarded by `ifdef __KERNEL__`) +- drop all sections that are kernel internal (guarded by ``ifdef __KERNEL__``) All headers under include/uapi/, include/generated/uapi/, arch//include/uapi/ and arch//include/generated/uapi/ @@ -1598,7 +1598,7 @@ SRCARCH This variable specifies the directory in arch/ to build. ARCH and SRCARCH may not necessarily match. A couple of arch - directories are biarch, that is, a single `arch/*/` directory supports + directories are biarch, that is, a single ``arch/*/`` directory supports both 32-bit and 64-bit. For example, you can pass in ARCH=i386, ARCH=x86_64, or ARCH=x86. @@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ INSTALL_MOD_PATH, MODLIB INSTALL_MOD_STRIP If this variable is specified, it will cause modules to be stripped - after they are installed. If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is '1', then the + after they are installed. If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is "1", then the default option --strip-debug will be used. Otherwise, the INSTALL_MOD_STRIP value will be used as the option(s) to the strip command. @@ -1636,15 +1636,15 @@ GNU extensions. GNU Make supports elementary list-processing functions. The kernel Makefiles use a novel style of list building and manipulation with few -"if" statements. +``if`` statements. -GNU Make has two assignment operators, ":=" and "=". ":=" performs +GNU Make has two assignment operators, ``:=`` and ``=``. ``:=`` performs immediate evaluation of the right-hand side and stores an actual string -into the left-hand side. "=" is like a formula definition; it stores the +into the left-hand side. ``=`` is like a formula definition; it stores the right-hand side in an unevaluated form and then evaluates this form each time the left-hand side is used. -There are some cases where "=" is appropriate. Usually, though, ":=" +There are some cases where ``=`` is appropriate. Usually, though, ``:=`` is the right choice. Credits -- cgit v1.2.3 From 0aee6bec0f44dd344c2637632cb13828990524e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nick Desaulniers Date: Thu, 2 Feb 2023 10:05:48 -0800 Subject: Documentation/llvm: add Chimera Linux, Google and Meta datacenters Chimera Linux is a Linux distribution from 2021 that builds its kernels with Clang. Google transitioned its data center fleet to run Clang built kernels in 2021, and Meta did so as well in 2022. Meta talked about this at LPC 2022 at a talk titled Kernel Live Patching at Scale. These were important milestones for building the kernel with Clang. Making note of them helps improve confidence in the project. Reviewed-by: Tom Rix Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor Reviewed-by: Sedat Dilek Co-developed-by: Yonghong Song Signed-off-by: Nick Desaulniers Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada --- Documentation/kbuild/llvm.rst | 15 +++++++++------ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/llvm.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/llvm.rst index 6b2bac8e9ce0..bfb51685073c 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/llvm.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/llvm.rst @@ -15,12 +15,15 @@ such as GCC and binutils. Ongoing work has allowed for `Clang `_ and `LLVM `_ utilities to be used as viable substitutes. Distributions such as `Android `_, `ChromeOS -`_, and `OpenMandriva -`_ use Clang built kernels. `LLVM is a -collection of toolchain components implemented in terms of C++ objects -`_. Clang is a front-end to LLVM that -supports C and the GNU C extensions required by the kernel, and is pronounced -"klang," not "see-lang." +`_, `OpenMandriva +`_, and `Chimera Linux +`_ use Clang built kernels. Google's and Meta's +datacenter fleets also run kernels built with Clang. + +`LLVM is a collection of toolchain components implemented in terms of C++ +objects `_. Clang is a front-end to LLVM +that supports C and the GNU C extensions required by the kernel, and is +pronounced "klang," not "see-lang." Clang ----- -- cgit v1.2.3 From 29cbe6ecfd97cb599883c68d3c6dbac11d0618b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sangmoon Kim Date: Wed, 22 Feb 2023 19:47:19 +0900 Subject: docs: kbuild: remove description of KBUILD_LDS_MODULE Commit 596b0474d3d9 ("kbuild: preprocess module linker script") removes KBUILD_LDS_MODULE, yet the variable is still mentioned in kbuild documentation. Remove the reference to the now-nonexistent variable. Signed-off-by: Sangmoon Kim Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada --- Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'Documentation/kbuild') diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst index 0bd69d9832cc..e67eb261c9b0 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst @@ -1215,10 +1215,6 @@ KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE KBUILD_LDS The linker script with full path. Assigned by the top-level Makefile. -KBUILD_LDS_MODULE - The module linker script with full path. Assigned by the top-level - Makefile and additionally by the arch Makefile. - KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS All object files for vmlinux. They are linked to vmlinux in the same order as listed in KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS. -- cgit v1.2.3