/* * mm/page-writeback.c * * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds. * Copyright (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc., Peter Zijlstra <pzijlstr@redhat.com> * * Contains functions related to writing back dirty pages at the * address_space level. * * 10Apr2002 akpm@zip.com.au * Initial version */ #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/spinlock.h> #include <linux/fs.h> #include <linux/mm.h> #include <linux/swap.h> #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/pagemap.h> #include <linux/writeback.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/backing-dev.h> #include <linux/task_io_accounting_ops.h> #include <linux/blkdev.h> #include <linux/mpage.h> #include <linux/rmap.h> #include <linux/percpu.h> #include <linux/notifier.h> #include <linux/smp.h> #include <linux/sysctl.h> #include <linux/cpu.h> #include <linux/syscalls.h> #include <linux/buffer_head.h> #include <linux/pagevec.h> /* * The maximum number of pages to writeout in a single bdflush/kupdate * operation. We do this so we don't hold I_SYNC against an inode for * enormous amounts of time, which would block a userspace task which has * been forced to throttle against that inode. Also, the code reevaluates * the dirty each time it has written this many pages. */ #define MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES 1024 /* * After a CPU has dirtied this many pages, balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited * will look to see if it needs to force writeback or throttling. */ static long ratelimit_pages = 32; /* * When balance_dirty_pages decides that the caller needs to perform some * non-background writeback, this is how many pages it will attempt to write. * It should be somewhat larger than RATELIMIT_PAGES to ensure that reasonably * large amounts of I/O are submitted. */ static inline long sync_writeback_pages(void) { return ratelimit_pages + ratelimit_pages / 2; } /* The following parameters are exported via /proc/sys/vm */ /* * Start background writeback (via pdflush) at this percentage */ int dirty_background_ratio = 5; /* * free highmem will not be subtracted from the total free memory * for calculating free ratios if vm_highmem_is_dirtyable is true */ int vm_highmem_is_dirtyable; /* * The generator of dirty data starts writeback at this percentage */ int vm_dirty_ratio = 10; /* * The interval between `kupdate'-style writebacks, in jiffies */ int dirty_writeback_interval = 5 * HZ; /* * The longest number of jiffies for which data is allowed to remain dirty */ int dirty_expire_interval = 30 * HZ; /* * Flag that makes the machine dump writes/reads and block dirtyings. */ int block_dump; /* * Flag that puts the machine in "laptop mode". Doubles as a timeout in jiffies: * a full sync is triggered after this time elapses without any disk activity. */ int laptop_mode; EXPORT_SYMBOL(laptop_mode); /* End of sysctl-exported parameters */ static void background_writeout(unsigned long _min_pages); /* * Scale the writeback cache size proportional to the relative writeout speeds. * * We do this by keeping a floating proportion between BDIs, based on page * writeback completions [end_page_writeback()]. Those devices that write out * pages fastest will get the larger share, while the slower will get a smaller * share. * * We use page writeout completions because we are interested in getting rid of * dirty pages. Having them written out is the primary goal. * * We introduce a concept of time, a period over which we measure these events, * because demand can/will vary over time. The length of this period itself is * measured in page writeback completions. * */ static struct prop_descriptor vm_completions; static struct prop_descriptor vm_dirties; /* * couple the period to the dirty_ratio: * * period/2 ~ roundup_pow_of_two(dirty limit) */ static int calc_period_shift(void) { unsigned long dirty_total; dirty_total = (vm_dirty_ratio * determine_dirtyable_memory()) / 100; return 2 + ilog2(dirty_total - 1); } /* * update the period when the dirty ratio changes. */ int dirty_ratio_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write, struct file *filp, void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos) { int old_ratio = vm_dirty_ratio; int ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, filp, buffer, lenp, ppos); if (ret == 0 && write && vm_dirty_ratio != old_ratio) { int shift = calc_period_shift(); prop_change_shift(&vm_completions, shift); prop_change_shift(&vm_dirties, shift); } return ret; } /* * Increment the BDI's writeout completion count and the global writeout * completion count. Called from test_clear_page_writeback(). */ static inline void __bdi_writeout_inc(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { __prop_inc_percpu_max(&vm_completions, &bdi->completions, bdi->max_prop_frac); } void bdi_writeout_inc(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { unsigned long flags; local_irq_save(flags); __bdi_writeout_inc(bdi); local_irq_restore(flags); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bdi_writeout_inc); static inline void task_dirty_inc(struct task_struct *tsk) { prop_inc_single(&vm_dirties, &tsk->dirties); } /* * Obtain an accurate fraction of the BDI's portion. */ static void bdi_writeout_fraction(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long *numerator, long *denominator) { if (bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi)) { prop_fraction_percpu(&vm_completions, &bdi->completions, numerator, denominator); } else { *numerator = 0; *denominator = 1; } } /* * Clip the earned share of dirty pages to that which is actually available. * This avoids exceeding the total dirty_limit when the floating averages * fluctuate too quickly. */ static void clip_bdi_dirty_limit(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long dirty, long *pbdi_dirty) { long avail_dirty; avail_dirty = dirty - (global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_WRITEBACK) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) + global_page_state(NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP)); if (avail_dirty < 0) avail_dirty = 0; avail_dirty += bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_RECLAIMABLE) + bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_WRITEBACK); *pbdi_dirty = min(*pbdi_dirty, avail_dirty); } static inline void task_dirties_fraction(struct task_struct *tsk, long *numerator, long *denominator) { prop_fraction_single(&vm_dirties, &tsk->dirties, numerator, denominator); } /* * scale the dirty limit * * task specific dirty limit: * * dirty -= (dirty/8) * p_{t} */ static void task_dirty_limit(struct task_struct *tsk, long *pdirty) { long numerator, denominator; long dirty = *pdirty; u64 inv = dirty >> 3; task_dirties_fraction(tsk, &numerator, &denominator); inv *= numerator; do_div(inv, denominator); dirty -= inv; if (dirty < *pdirty/2) dirty = *pdirty/2; *pdirty = dirty; } /* * */ static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(bdi_lock); static unsigned int bdi_min_ratio; int bdi_set_min_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int min_ratio) { int ret = 0; unsigned long flags; spin_lock_irqsave(&bdi_lock, flags); if (min_ratio > bdi->max_ratio) { ret = -EINVAL; } else { min_ratio -= bdi->min_ratio; if (bdi_min_ratio + min_ratio < 100) { bdi_min_ratio += min_ratio; bdi->min_ratio += min_ratio; } else { ret = -EINVAL; } } spin_unlock_irqrestore(&bdi_lock, flags); return ret; } int bdi_set_max_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned max_ratio) { unsigned long flags; int ret = 0; if (max_ratio > 100) return -EINVAL; spin_lock_irqsave(&bdi_lock, flags); if (bdi->min_ratio > max_ratio) { ret = -EINVAL; } else { bdi->max_ratio = max_ratio; bdi->max_prop_frac = (PROP_FRAC_BASE * max_ratio) / 100; } spin_unlock_irqrestore(&bdi_lock, flags); return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdi_set_max_ratio); /* * Work out the current dirty-memory clamping and background writeout * thresholds. * * The main aim here is to lower them aggressively if there is a lot of mapped * memory around. To avoid stressing page reclaim with lots of unreclaimable * pages. It is better to clamp down on writers than to start swapping, and * performing lots of scanning. * * We only allow 1/2 of the currently-unmapped memory to be dirtied. * * We don't permit the clamping level to fall below 5% - that is getting rather * excessive. * * We make sure that the background writeout level is below the adjusted * clamping level. */ static unsigned long highmem_dirtyable_memory(unsigned long total) { #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM int node; unsigned long x = 0; for_each_node_state(node, N_HIGH_MEMORY) { struct zone *z = &NODE_DATA(node)->node_zones[ZONE_HIGHMEM]; x += zone_page_state(z, NR_FREE_PAGES) + zone_page_state(z, NR_INACTIVE) + zone_page_state(z, NR_ACTIVE); } /* * Make sure that the number of highmem pages is never larger * than the number of the total dirtyable memory. This can only * occur in very strange VM situations but we want to make sure * that this does not occur. */ return min(x, total); #else return 0; #endif } /** * determine_dirtyable_memory - amount of memory that may be used * * Returns the numebr of pages that can currently be freed and used * by the kernel for direct mappings. */ unsigned long determine_dirtyable_memory(void) { unsigned long x; x = global_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES) + global_page_state(NR_INACTIVE) + global_page_state(NR_ACTIVE); if (!vm_highmem_is_dirtyable) x -= highmem_dirtyable_memory(x); return x + 1; /* Ensure that we never return 0 */ } void get_dirty_limits(long *pbackground, long *pdirty, long *pbdi_dirty, struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { int background_ratio; /* Percentages */ int dirty_ratio; long background; long dirty; unsigned long available_memory = determine_dirtyable_memory(); struct task_struct *tsk; dirty_ratio = vm_dirty_ratio; if (dirty_ratio < 5) dirty_ratio = 5; background_ratio = dirty_background_ratio; if (background_ratio >= dirty_ratio) background_ratio = dirty_ratio / 2; background = (background_ratio * available_memory) / 100; dirty = (dirty_ratio * available_memory) / 100; tsk = current; if (tsk->flags & PF_LESS_THROTTLE || rt_task(tsk)) { background += background / 4; dirty += dirty / 4; } *pbackground = background; *pdirty = dirty; if (bdi) { u64 bdi_dirty; long numerator, denominator; /* * Calculate this BDI's share of the dirty ratio. */ bdi_writeout_fraction(bdi, &numerator, &denominator); bdi_dirty = (dirty * (100 - bdi_min_ratio)) / 100; bdi_dirty *= numerator; do_div(bdi_dirty, denominator); bdi_dirty += (dirty * bdi->min_ratio) / 100; if (bdi_dirty > (dirty * bdi->max_ratio) / 100) bdi_dirty = dirty * bdi->max_ratio / 100; *pbdi_dirty = bdi_dirty; clip_bdi_dirty_limit(bdi, dirty, pbdi_dirty); task_dirty_limit(current, pbdi_dirty); } } /* * balance_dirty_pages() must be called by processes which are generating dirty * data. It looks at the number of dirty pages in the machine and will force * the caller to perform writeback if the system is over `vm_dirty_ratio'. * If we're over `background_thresh' then pdflush is woken to perform some * writeout. */ static void balance_dirty_pages(struct address_space *mapping) { long nr_reclaimable, bdi_nr_reclaimable; long nr_writeback, bdi_nr_writeback; long background_thresh; long dirty_thresh; long bdi_thresh; unsigned long pages_written = 0; unsigned long write_chunk = sync_writeback_pages(); struct backing_dev_info *bdi = mapping->backing_dev_info; for (;;) { struct writeback_control wbc = { .bdi = bdi, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .older_than_this = NULL, .nr_to_write = write_chunk, .range_cyclic = 1, }; get_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh, &bdi_thresh, bdi); nr_reclaimable = global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS); nr_writeback = global_page_state(NR_WRITEBACK); bdi_nr_reclaimable = bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_RECLAIMABLE); bdi_nr_writeback = bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_WRITEBACK); if (bdi_nr_reclaimable + bdi_nr_writeback <= bdi_thresh) break; /* * Throttle it only when the background writeback cannot * catch-up. This avoids (excessively) small writeouts * when the bdi limits are ramping up. */ if (nr_reclaimable + nr_writeback < (background_thresh + dirty_thresh) / 2) break; if (!bdi->dirty_exceeded) bdi->dirty_exceeded = 1; /* Note: nr_reclaimable denotes nr_dirty + nr_unstable. * Unstable writes are a feature of certain networked * filesystems (i.e. NFS) in which data may have been * written to the server's write cache, but has not yet * been flushed to permanent storage. */ if (bdi_nr_reclaimable) { writeback_inodes(&wbc); pages_written += write_chunk - wbc.nr_to_write; get_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh, &bdi_thresh, bdi); } /* * In order to avoid the stacked BDI deadlock we need * to ensure we accurately count the 'dirty' pages when * the threshold is low. * * Otherwise it would be possible to get thresh+n pages * reported dirty, even though there are thresh-m pages * actually dirty; with m+n sitting in the percpu * deltas. */ if (bdi_thresh < 2*bdi_stat_error(bdi)) { bdi_nr_reclaimable = bdi_stat_sum(bdi, BDI_RECLAIMABLE); bdi_nr_writeback = bdi_stat_sum(bdi, BDI_WRITEBACK); } else if (bdi_nr_reclaimable) { bdi_nr_reclaimable = bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_RECLAIMABLE); bdi_nr_writeback = bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_WRITEBACK); } if (bdi_nr_reclaimable + bdi_nr_writeback <= bdi_thresh) break; if (pages_written >= write_chunk) break; /* We've done our duty */ congestion_wait(WRITE, HZ/10); } if (bdi_nr_reclaimable + bdi_nr_writeback < bdi_thresh && bdi->dirty_exceeded) bdi->dirty_exceeded = 0; if (writeback_in_progress(bdi)) return; /* pdflush is already working this queue */ /* * In laptop mode, we wait until hitting the higher threshold before * starting background writeout, and then write out all the way down * to the lower threshold. So slow writers cause minimal disk activity. * * In normal mode, we start background writeout at the lower * background_thresh, to keep the amount of dirty memory low. */ if ((laptop_mode && pages_written) || (!laptop_mode && (global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) > background_thresh))) pdflush_operation(background_writeout, 0); } void set_page_dirty_balance(struct page *page, int page_mkwrite) { if (set_page_dirty(page) || page_mkwrite) { struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page); if (mapping) balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping); } } /** * balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_nr - balance dirty memory state * @mapping: address_space which was dirtied * @nr_pages_dirtied: number of pages which the caller has just dirtied * * Processes which are dirtying memory should call in here once for each page * which was newly dirtied. The function will periodically check the system's * dirty state and will initiate writeback if needed. * * On really big machines, get_writeback_state is expensive, so try to avoid * calling it too often (ratelimiting). But once we're over the dirty memory * limit we decrease the ratelimiting by a lot, to prevent individual processes * from overshooting the limit by (ratelimit_pages) each. */ void balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_nr(struct address_space *mapping, unsigned long nr_pages_dirtied) { static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, ratelimits) = 0; unsigned long ratelimit; unsigned long *p; ratelimit = ratelimit_pages; if (mapping->backing_dev_info->dirty_exceeded) ratelimit = 8; /* * Check the rate limiting. Also, we do not want to throttle real-time * tasks in balance_dirty_pages(). Period. */ preempt_disable(); p = &__get_cpu_var(ratelimits); *p += nr_pages_dirtied; if (unlikely(*p >= ratelimit)) { *p = 0; preempt_enable(); balance_dirty_pages(mapping); return; } preempt_enable(); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_nr); void throttle_vm_writeout(gfp_t gfp_mask) { long background_thresh; long dirty_thresh; for ( ; ; ) { get_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh, NULL, NULL); /* * Boost the allowable dirty threshold a bit for page * allocators so they don't get DoS'ed by heavy writers */ dirty_thresh += dirty_thresh / 10; /* wheeee... */ if (global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) + global_page_state(NR_WRITEBACK) <= dirty_thresh) break; congestion_wait(WRITE, HZ/10); /* * The caller might hold locks which can prevent IO completion * or progress in the filesystem. So we cannot just sit here * waiting for IO to complete. */ if ((gfp_mask & (__GFP_FS|__GFP_IO)) != (__GFP_FS|__GFP_IO)) break; } } /* * writeback at least _min_pages, and keep writing until the amount of dirty * memory is less than the background threshold, or until we're all clean. */ static void background_writeout(unsigned long _min_pages) { long min_pages = _min_pages; struct writeback_control wbc = { .bdi = NULL, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .older_than_this = NULL, .nr_to_write = 0, .nonblocking = 1, .range_cyclic = 1, }; for ( ; ; ) { long background_thresh; long dirty_thresh; get_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh, NULL, NULL); if (global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) < background_thresh && min_pages <= 0) break; wbc.more_io = 0; wbc.encountered_congestion = 0; wbc.nr_to_write = MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES; wbc.pages_skipped = 0; writeback_inodes(&wbc); min_pages -= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES - wbc.nr_to_write; if (wbc.nr_to_write > 0 || wbc.pages_skipped > 0) { /* Wrote less than expected */ if (wbc.encountered_congestion || wbc.more_io) congestion_wait(WRITE, HZ/10); else break; } } } /* * Start writeback of `nr_pages' pages. If `nr_pages' is zero, write back * the whole world. Returns 0 if a pdflush thread was dispatched. Returns * -1 if all pdflush threads were busy. */ int wakeup_pdflush(long nr_pages) { if (nr_pages == 0) nr_pages = global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS); return pdflush_operation(background_writeout, nr_pages); } static void wb_timer_fn(unsigned long unused); static void laptop_timer_fn(unsigned long unused); static DEFINE_TIMER(wb_timer, wb_timer_fn, 0, 0); static DEFINE_TIMER(laptop_mode_wb_timer, laptop_timer_fn, 0, 0); /* * Periodic writeback of "old" data. * * Define "old": the first time one of an inode's pages is dirtied, we mark the * dirtying-time in the inode's address_space. So this periodic writeback code * just walks the superblock inode list, writing back any inodes which are * older than a specific point in time. * * Try to run once per dirty_writeback_interval. But if a writeback event * takes longer than a dirty_writeback_interval interval, then leave a * one-second gap. * * older_than_this takes precedence over nr_to_write. So we'll only write back * all dirty pages if they are all attached to "old" mappings. */ static void wb_kupdate(unsigned long arg) { unsigned long oldest_jif; unsigned long start_jif; unsigned long next_jif; long nr_to_write; struct writeback_control wbc = { .bdi = NULL, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .older_than_this = &oldest_jif, .nr_to_write = 0, .nonblocking = 1, .for_kupdate = 1, .range_cyclic = 1, }; sync_supers(); oldest_jif = jiffies - dirty_expire_interval; start_jif = jiffies; next_jif = start_jif + dirty_writeback_interval; nr_to_write = global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) + (inodes_stat.nr_inodes - inodes_stat.nr_unused); while (nr_to_write > 0) { wbc.more_io = 0; wbc.encountered_congestion = 0; wbc.nr_to_write = MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES; writeback_inodes(&wbc); if (wbc.nr_to_write > 0) { if (wbc.encountered_congestion || wbc.more_io) congestion_wait(WRITE, HZ/10); else break; /* All the old data is written */ } nr_to_write -= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES - wbc.nr_to_write; } if (time_before(next_jif, jiffies + HZ)) next_jif = jiffies + HZ; if (dirty_writeback_interval) mod_timer(&wb_timer, next_jif); } /* * sysctl handler for /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs */ int dirty_writeback_centisecs_handler(ctl_table *table, int write, struct file *file, void __user *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos) { proc_dointvec_userhz_jiffies(table, write, file, buffer, length, ppos); if (dirty_writeback_interval) mod_timer(&wb_timer, jiffies + dirty_writeback_interval); else del_timer(&wb_timer); return 0; } static void wb_timer_fn(unsigned long unused) { if (pdflush_operation(wb_kupdate, 0) < 0) mod_timer(&wb_timer, jiffies + HZ); /* delay 1 second */ } static void laptop_flush(unsigned long unused) { sys_sync(); } static void laptop_timer_fn(unsigned long unused) { pdflush_operation(laptop_flush, 0); } /* * We've spun up the disk and we're in laptop mode: schedule writeback * of all dirty data a few seconds from now. If the flush is already scheduled * then push it back - the user is still using the disk. */ void laptop_io_completion(void) { mod_timer(&laptop_mode_wb_timer, jiffies + laptop_mode); } /* * We're in laptop mode and we've just synced. The sync's writes will have * caused another writeback to be scheduled by laptop_io_completion. * Nothing needs to be written back anymore, so we unschedule the writeback. */ void laptop_sync_completion(void) { del_timer(&laptop_mode_wb_timer); } /* * If ratelimit_pages is too high then we can get into dirty-data overload * if a large number of processes all perform writes at the same time. * If it is too low then SMP machines will call the (expensive) * get_writeback_state too often. * * Here we set ratelimit_pages to a level which ensures that when all CPUs are * dirtying in parallel, we cannot go more than 3% (1/32) over the dirty memory * thresholds before writeback cuts in. * * But the limit should not be set too high. Because it also controls the * amount of memory which the balance_dirty_pages() caller has to write back. * If this is too large then the caller will block on the IO queue all the * time. So limit it to four megabytes - the balance_dirty_pages() caller * will write six megabyte chunks, max. */ void writeback_set_ratelimit(void) { ratelimit_pages = vm_total_pages / (num_online_cpus() * 32); if (ratelimit_pages < 16) ratelimit_pages = 16; if (ratelimit_pages * PAGE_CACHE_SIZE > 4096 * 1024) ratelimit_pages = (4096 * 1024) / PAGE_CACHE_SIZE; } static int __cpuinit ratelimit_handler(struct notifier_block *self, unsigned long u, void *v) { writeback_set_ratelimit(); return NOTIFY_DONE; } static struct notifier_block __cpuinitdata ratelimit_nb = { .notifier_call = ratelimit_handler, .next = NULL, }; /* * Called early on to tune the page writeback dirty limits. * * We used to scale dirty pages according to how total memory * related to pages that could be allocated for buffers (by * comparing nr_free_buffer_pages() to vm_total_pages. * * However, that was when we used "dirty_ratio" to scale with * all memory, and we don't do that any more. "dirty_ratio" * is now applied to total non-HIGHPAGE memory (by subtracting * totalhigh_pages from vm_total_pages), and as such we can't * get into the old insane situation any more where we had * large amounts of dirty pages compared to a small amount of * non-HIGHMEM memory. * * But we might still want to scale the dirty_ratio by how * much memory the box has.. */ void __init page_writeback_init(void) { int shift; mod_timer(&wb_timer, jiffies + dirty_writeback_interval); writeback_set_ratelimit(); register_cpu_notifier(&ratelimit_nb); shift = calc_period_shift(); prop_descriptor_init(&vm_completions, shift); prop_descriptor_init(&vm_dirties, shift); } /** * write_cache_pages - walk the list of dirty pages of the given address space and write all of them. * @mapping: address space structure to write * @wbc: subtract the number of written pages from *@wbc->nr_to_write * @writepage: function called for each page * @data: data passed to writepage function * * If a page is already under I/O, write_cache_pages() skips it, even * if it's dirty. This is desirable behaviour for memory-cleaning writeback, * but it is INCORRECT for data-integrity system calls such as fsync(). fsync() * and msync() need to guarantee that all the data which was dirty at the time * the call was made get new I/O started against them. If wbc->sync_mode is * WB_SYNC_ALL then we were called for data integrity and we must wait for * existing IO to complete. */ int write_cache_pages(struct address_space *mapping, struct writeback_control *wbc, writepage_t writepage, void *data) { struct backing_dev_info *bdi = mapping->backing_dev_info; int ret = 0; int done = 0; struct pagevec pvec; int nr_pages; pgoff_t index; pgoff_t end; /* Inclusive */ int scanned = 0; int range_whole = 0; if (wbc->nonblocking && bdi_write_congested(bdi)) { wbc->encountered_congestion = 1; return 0; } pagevec_init(&pvec, 0); if (wbc->range_cyclic) { index = mapping->writeback_index; /* Start from prev offset */ end = -1; } else { index = wbc->range_start >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT; end = wbc->range_end >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT; if (wbc->range_start == 0 && wbc->range_end == LLONG_MAX) range_whole = 1; scanned = 1; } retry: while (!done && (index <= end) && (nr_pages = pagevec_lookup_tag(&pvec, mapping, &index, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY, min(end - index, (pgoff_t)PAGEVEC_SIZE-1) + 1))) { unsigned i; scanned = 1; for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) { struct page *page = pvec.pages[i]; /* * At this point we hold neither mapping->tree_lock nor * lock on the page itself: the page may be truncated or * invalidated (changing page->mapping to NULL), or even * swizzled back from swapper_space to tmpfs file * mapping */ lock_page(page); if (unlikely(page->mapping != mapping)) { unlock_page(page); continue; } if (!wbc->range_cyclic && page->index > end) { done = 1; unlock_page(page); continue; } if (wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_NONE) wait_on_page_writeback(page); if (PageWriteback(page) || !clear_page_dirty_for_io(page)) { unlock_page(page); continue; } ret = (*writepage)(page, wbc, data); if (unlikely(ret == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE)) { unlock_page(page); ret = 0; } if (ret || (--(wbc->nr_to_write) <= 0)) done = 1; if (wbc->nonblocking && bdi_write_congested(bdi)) { wbc->encountered_congestion = 1; done = 1; } } pagevec_release(&pvec); cond_resched(); } if (!scanned && !done) { /* * We hit the last page and there is more work to be done: wrap * back to the start of the file */ scanned = 1; index = 0; goto retry; } if (wbc->range_cyclic || (range_whole && wbc->nr_to_write > 0)) mapping->writeback_index = index; if (wbc->range_cont) wbc->range_start = index << PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT; return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_cache_pages); /* * Function used by generic_writepages to call the real writepage * function and set the mapping flags on error */ static int __writepage(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc, void *data) { struct address_space *mapping = data; int ret = mapping->a_ops->writepage(page, wbc); mapping_set_error(mapping, ret); return ret; } /** * generic_writepages - walk the list of dirty pages of the given address space and writepage() all of them. * @mapping: address space structure to write * @wbc: subtract the number of written pages from *@wbc->nr_to_write * * This is a library function, which implements the writepages() * address_space_operation. */ int generic_writepages(struct address_space *mapping, struct writeback_control *wbc) { /* deal with chardevs and other special file */ if (!mapping->a_ops->writepage) return 0; return write_cache_pages(mapping, wbc, __writepage, mapping); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_writepages); int do_writepages(struct address_space *mapping, struct writeback_control *wbc) { int ret; if (wbc->nr_to_write <= 0) return 0; wbc->for_writepages = 1; if (mapping->a_ops->writepages) ret = mapping->a_ops->writepages(mapping, wbc); else ret = generic_writepages(mapping, wbc); wbc->for_writepages = 0; return ret; } /** * write_one_page - write out a single page and optionally wait on I/O * @page: the page to write * @wait: if true, wait on writeout * * The page must be locked by the caller and will be unlocked upon return. * * write_one_page() returns a negative error code if I/O failed. */ int write_one_page(struct page *page, int wait) { struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping; int ret = 0; struct writeback_control wbc = { .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_ALL, .nr_to_write = 1, }; BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page)); if (wait) wait_on_page_writeback(page); if (clear_page_dirty_for_io(page)) { page_cache_get(page); ret = mapping->a_ops->writepage(page, &wbc); if (ret == 0 && wait) { wait_on_page_writeback(page); if (PageError(page)) ret = -EIO; } page_cache_release(page); } else { unlock_page(page); } return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_one_page); /* * For address_spaces which do not use buffers nor write back. */ int __set_page_dirty_no_writeback(struct page *page) { if (!PageDirty(page)) SetPageDirty(page); return 0; } /* * For address_spaces which do not use buffers. Just tag the page as dirty in * its radix tree. * * This is also used when a single buffer is being dirtied: we want to set the * page dirty in that case, but not all the buffers. This is a "bottom-up" * dirtying, whereas __set_page_dirty_buffers() is a "top-down" dirtying. * * Most callers have locked the page, which pins the address_space in memory. * But zap_pte_range() does not lock the page, however in that case the * mapping is pinned by the vma's ->vm_file reference. * * We take care to handle the case where the page was truncated from the * mapping by re-checking page_mapping() inside tree_lock. */ int __set_page_dirty_nobuffers(struct page *page) { if (!TestSetPageDirty(page)) { struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page); struct address_space *mapping2; if (!mapping) return 1; spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); mapping2 = page_mapping(page); if (mapping2) { /* Race with truncate? */ BUG_ON(mapping2 != mapping); WARN_ON_ONCE(!PagePrivate(page) && !PageUptodate(page)); if (mapping_cap_account_dirty(mapping)) { __inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_DIRTY); __inc_bdi_stat(mapping->backing_dev_info, BDI_RECLAIMABLE); task_io_account_write(PAGE_CACHE_SIZE); } radix_tree_tag_set(&mapping->page_tree, page_index(page), PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY); } spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); if (mapping->host) { /* !PageAnon && !swapper_space */ __mark_inode_dirty(mapping->host, I_DIRTY_PAGES); } return 1; } return 0; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(__set_page_dirty_nobuffers); /* * When a writepage implementation decides that it doesn't want to write this * page for some reason, it should redirty the locked page via * redirty_page_for_writepage() and it should then unlock the page and return 0 */ int redirty_page_for_writepage(struct writeback_control *wbc, struct page *page) { wbc->pages_skipped++; return __set_page_dirty_nobuffers(page); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(redirty_page_for_writepage); /* * If the mapping doesn't provide a set_page_dirty a_op, then * just fall through and assume that it wants buffer_heads. */ static int __set_page_dirty(struct page *page) { struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page); if (likely(mapping)) { int (*spd)(struct page *) = mapping->a_ops->set_page_dirty; #ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK if (!spd) spd = __set_page_dirty_buffers; #endif return (*spd)(page); } if (!PageDirty(page)) { if (!TestSetPageDirty(page)) return 1; } return 0; } int set_page_dirty(struct page *page) { int ret = __set_page_dirty(page); if (ret) task_dirty_inc(current); return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_page_dirty); /* * set_page_dirty() is racy if the caller has no reference against * page->mapping->host, and if the page is unlocked. This is because another * CPU could truncate the page off the mapping and then free the mapping. * * Usually, the page _is_ locked, or the caller is a user-space process which * holds a reference on the inode by having an open file. * * In other cases, the page should be locked before running set_page_dirty(). */ int set_page_dirty_lock(struct page *page) { int ret; lock_page_nosync(page); ret = set_page_dirty(page); unlock_page(page); return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_page_dirty_lock); /* * Clear a page's dirty flag, while caring for dirty memory accounting. * Returns true if the page was previously dirty. * * This is for preparing to put the page under writeout. We leave the page * tagged as dirty in the radix tree so that a concurrent write-for-sync * can discover it via a PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY walk. The ->writepage * implementation will run either set_page_writeback() or set_page_dirty(), * at which stage we bring the page's dirty flag and radix-tree dirty tag * back into sync. * * This incoherency between the page's dirty flag and radix-tree tag is * unfortunate, but it only exists while the page is locked. */ int clear_page_dirty_for_io(struct page *page) { struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page); BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page)); ClearPageReclaim(page); if (mapping && mapping_cap_account_dirty(mapping)) { /* * Yes, Virginia, this is indeed insane. * * We use this sequence to make sure that * (a) we account for dirty stats properly * (b) we tell the low-level filesystem to * mark the whole page dirty if it was * dirty in a pagetable. Only to then * (c) clean the page again and return 1 to * cause the writeback. * * This way we avoid all nasty races with the * dirty bit in multiple places and clearing * them concurrently from different threads. * * Note! Normally the "set_page_dirty(page)" * has no effect on the actual dirty bit - since * that will already usually be set. But we * need the side effects, and it can help us * avoid races. * * We basically use the page "master dirty bit" * as a serialization point for all the different * threads doing their things. */ if (page_mkclean(page)) set_page_dirty(page); /* * We carefully synchronise fault handlers against * installing a dirty pte and marking the page dirty * at this point. We do this by having them hold the * page lock at some point after installing their * pte, but before marking the page dirty. * Pages are always locked coming in here, so we get * the desired exclusion. See mm/memory.c:do_wp_page() * for more comments. */ if (TestClearPageDirty(page)) { dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_DIRTY); dec_bdi_stat(mapping->backing_dev_info, BDI_RECLAIMABLE); return 1; } return 0; } return TestClearPageDirty(page); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(clear_page_dirty_for_io); int test_clear_page_writeback(struct page *page) { struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page); int ret; if (mapping) { struct backing_dev_info *bdi = mapping->backing_dev_info; unsigned long flags; spin_lock_irqsave(&mapping->tree_lock, flags); ret = TestClearPageWriteback(page); if (ret) { radix_tree_tag_clear(&mapping->page_tree, page_index(page), PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK); if (bdi_cap_account_writeback(bdi)) { __dec_bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_WRITEBACK); __bdi_writeout_inc(bdi); } } spin_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->tree_lock, flags); } else { ret = TestClearPageWriteback(page); } if (ret) dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_WRITEBACK); return ret; } int test_set_page_writeback(struct page *page) { struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page); int ret; if (mapping) { struct backing_dev_info *bdi = mapping->backing_dev_info; unsigned long flags; spin_lock_irqsave(&mapping->tree_lock, flags); ret = TestSetPageWriteback(page); if (!ret) { radix_tree_tag_set(&mapping->page_tree, page_index(page), PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK); if (bdi_cap_account_writeback(bdi)) __inc_bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_WRITEBACK); } if (!PageDirty(page)) radix_tree_tag_clear(&mapping->page_tree, page_index(page), PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY); spin_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->tree_lock, flags); } else { ret = TestSetPageWriteback(page); } if (!ret) inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_WRITEBACK); return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(test_set_page_writeback); /* * Return true if any of the pages in the mapping are marked with the * passed tag. */ int mapping_tagged(struct address_space *mapping, int tag) { int ret; rcu_read_lock(); ret = radix_tree_tagged(&mapping->page_tree, tag); rcu_read_unlock(); return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(mapping_tagged);