diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'tools')
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/Documentation/perf-trace.txt | 46 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/builtin-trace.c | 237 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/perl/bin/failed-syscalls-record | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/perl/failed-syscalls.pl | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/failed-syscalls-by-pid-record | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/sctop-record | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-by-pid-record | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-record | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/failed-syscalls-by-pid.py | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/sctop.py | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts-by-pid.py | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts.py | 5 |
12 files changed, 280 insertions, 43 deletions
diff --git a/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-trace.txt b/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-trace.txt index fae38d9a44a4..02aac831bdd9 100644 --- a/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-trace.txt +++ b/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-trace.txt @@ -107,6 +107,52 @@ the thread executes on the designated CPUs. Default is to monitor all CPUs. Show tool stats such as number of times fd->pathname was discovered thru hooking the open syscall return + vfs_getname or via reading /proc/pid/fd, etc. +-F=[all|min|maj]:: +--pf=[all|min|maj]:: + Trace pagefaults. Optionally, you can specify whether you want minor, + major or all pagefaults. Default value is maj. + +--syscalls:: + Trace system calls. This options is enabled by default. + +PAGEFAULTS +---------- + +When tracing pagefaults, the format of the trace is as follows: + +<min|maj>fault [<ip.symbol>+<ip.offset>] => <addr.dso@addr.offset> (<map type><addr level>). + +- min/maj indicates whether fault event is minor or major; +- ip.symbol shows symbol for instruction pointer (the code that generated the + fault); if no debug symbols available, perf trace will print raw IP; +- addr.dso shows DSO for the faulted address; +- map type is either 'd' for non-executable maps or 'x' for executable maps; +- addr level is either 'k' for kernel dso or '.' for user dso. + +For symbols resolution you may need to install debugging symbols. + +Please be aware that duration is currently always 0 and doesn't reflect actual +time it took for fault to be handled! + +When --verbose specified, perf trace tries to print all available information +for both IP and fault address in the form of dso@symbol+offset. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +Trace only major pagefaults: + + $ perf trace --no-syscalls -F + +Trace syscalls, major and minor pagefaults: + + $ perf trace -F all + + 1416.547 ( 0.000 ms): python/20235 majfault [CRYPTO_push_info_+0x0] => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.0.0@0x61be0 (x.) + + As you can see, there was major pagefault in python process, from + CRYPTO_push_info_ routine which faulted somewhere in libcrypto.so. + SEE ALSO -------- linkperf:perf-record[1], linkperf:perf-script[1] diff --git a/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c b/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c index 5549cee61680..dc7a694b61fe 100644 --- a/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c +++ b/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c @@ -1178,6 +1178,9 @@ fail: return NULL; } +#define TRACE_PFMAJ (1 << 0) +#define TRACE_PFMIN (1 << 1) + struct trace { struct perf_tool tool; struct { @@ -1212,6 +1215,8 @@ struct trace { bool summary_only; bool show_comm; bool show_tool_stats; + bool trace_syscalls; + int trace_pgfaults; }; static int trace__set_fd_pathname(struct thread *thread, int fd, const char *pathname) @@ -1538,6 +1543,7 @@ static size_t syscall__scnprintf_args(struct syscall *sc, char *bf, size_t size, } typedef int (*tracepoint_handler)(struct trace *trace, struct perf_evsel *evsel, + union perf_event *event, struct perf_sample *sample); static struct syscall *trace__syscall_info(struct trace *trace, @@ -1610,6 +1616,7 @@ static void thread__update_stats(struct thread_trace *ttrace, } static int trace__sys_enter(struct trace *trace, struct perf_evsel *evsel, + union perf_event *event __maybe_unused, struct perf_sample *sample) { char *msg; @@ -1658,6 +1665,7 @@ static int trace__sys_enter(struct trace *trace, struct perf_evsel *evsel, } static int trace__sys_exit(struct trace *trace, struct perf_evsel *evsel, + union perf_event *event __maybe_unused, struct perf_sample *sample) { int ret; @@ -1735,6 +1743,7 @@ out: } static int trace__vfs_getname(struct trace *trace, struct perf_evsel *evsel, + union perf_event *event __maybe_unused, struct perf_sample *sample) { trace->last_vfs_getname = perf_evsel__rawptr(evsel, sample, "pathname"); @@ -1742,6 +1751,7 @@ static int trace__vfs_getname(struct trace *trace, struct perf_evsel *evsel, } static int trace__sched_stat_runtime(struct trace *trace, struct perf_evsel *evsel, + union perf_event *event __maybe_unused, struct perf_sample *sample) { u64 runtime = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "runtime"); @@ -1768,6 +1778,68 @@ out_dump: return 0; } +static void print_location(FILE *f, struct perf_sample *sample, + struct addr_location *al, + bool print_dso, bool print_sym) +{ + + if ((verbose || print_dso) && al->map) + fprintf(f, "%s@", al->map->dso->long_name); + + if ((verbose || print_sym) && al->sym) + fprintf(f, "%s+0x%lx", al->sym->name, + al->addr - al->sym->start); + else if (al->map) + fprintf(f, "0x%lx", al->addr); + else + fprintf(f, "0x%lx", sample->addr); +} + +static int trace__pgfault(struct trace *trace, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + union perf_event *event, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + struct thread *thread; + u8 cpumode = event->header.misc & PERF_RECORD_MISC_CPUMODE_MASK; + struct addr_location al; + char map_type = 'd'; + + thread = machine__findnew_thread(trace->host, sample->pid, sample->tid); + + thread__find_addr_location(thread, trace->host, cpumode, MAP__FUNCTION, + sample->ip, &al); + + trace__fprintf_entry_head(trace, thread, 0, sample->time, trace->output); + + fprintf(trace->output, "%sfault [", + evsel->attr.config == PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MAJ ? + "maj" : "min"); + + print_location(trace->output, sample, &al, false, true); + + fprintf(trace->output, "] => "); + + thread__find_addr_location(thread, trace->host, cpumode, MAP__VARIABLE, + sample->addr, &al); + + if (!al.map) { + thread__find_addr_location(thread, trace->host, cpumode, + MAP__FUNCTION, sample->addr, &al); + + if (al.map) + map_type = 'x'; + else + map_type = '?'; + } + + print_location(trace->output, sample, &al, true, false); + + fprintf(trace->output, " (%c%c)\n", map_type, al.level); + + return 0; +} + static bool skip_sample(struct trace *trace, struct perf_sample *sample) { if ((trace->pid_list && intlist__find(trace->pid_list, sample->pid)) || @@ -1781,7 +1853,7 @@ static bool skip_sample(struct trace *trace, struct perf_sample *sample) } static int trace__process_sample(struct perf_tool *tool, - union perf_event *event __maybe_unused, + union perf_event *event, struct perf_sample *sample, struct perf_evsel *evsel, struct machine *machine __maybe_unused) @@ -1799,7 +1871,7 @@ static int trace__process_sample(struct perf_tool *tool, if (handler) { ++trace->nr_events; - handler(trace, evsel, sample); + handler(trace, evsel, event, sample); } return err; @@ -1826,7 +1898,7 @@ static int parse_target_str(struct trace *trace) return 0; } -static int trace__record(int argc, const char **argv) +static int trace__record(struct trace *trace, int argc, const char **argv) { unsigned int rec_argc, i, j; const char **rec_argv; @@ -1835,34 +1907,54 @@ static int trace__record(int argc, const char **argv) "-R", "-m", "1024", "-c", "1", - "-e", }; + const char * const sc_args[] = { "-e", }; + unsigned int sc_args_nr = ARRAY_SIZE(sc_args); + const char * const majpf_args[] = { "-e", "major-faults" }; + unsigned int majpf_args_nr = ARRAY_SIZE(majpf_args); + const char * const minpf_args[] = { "-e", "minor-faults" }; + unsigned int minpf_args_nr = ARRAY_SIZE(minpf_args); + /* +1 is for the event string below */ - rec_argc = ARRAY_SIZE(record_args) + 1 + argc; + rec_argc = ARRAY_SIZE(record_args) + sc_args_nr + 1 + + majpf_args_nr + minpf_args_nr + argc; rec_argv = calloc(rec_argc + 1, sizeof(char *)); if (rec_argv == NULL) return -ENOMEM; + j = 0; for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(record_args); i++) - rec_argv[i] = record_args[i]; - - /* event string may be different for older kernels - e.g., RHEL6 */ - if (is_valid_tracepoint("raw_syscalls:sys_enter")) - rec_argv[i] = "raw_syscalls:sys_enter,raw_syscalls:sys_exit"; - else if (is_valid_tracepoint("syscalls:sys_enter")) - rec_argv[i] = "syscalls:sys_enter,syscalls:sys_exit"; - else { - pr_err("Neither raw_syscalls nor syscalls events exist.\n"); - return -1; + rec_argv[j++] = record_args[i]; + + if (trace->trace_syscalls) { + for (i = 0; i < sc_args_nr; i++) + rec_argv[j++] = sc_args[i]; + + /* event string may be different for older kernels - e.g., RHEL6 */ + if (is_valid_tracepoint("raw_syscalls:sys_enter")) + rec_argv[j++] = "raw_syscalls:sys_enter,raw_syscalls:sys_exit"; + else if (is_valid_tracepoint("syscalls:sys_enter")) + rec_argv[j++] = "syscalls:sys_enter,syscalls:sys_exit"; + else { + pr_err("Neither raw_syscalls nor syscalls events exist.\n"); + return -1; + } } - i++; - for (j = 0; j < (unsigned int)argc; j++, i++) - rec_argv[i] = argv[j]; + if (trace->trace_pgfaults & TRACE_PFMAJ) + for (i = 0; i < majpf_args_nr; i++) + rec_argv[j++] = majpf_args[i]; + + if (trace->trace_pgfaults & TRACE_PFMIN) + for (i = 0; i < minpf_args_nr; i++) + rec_argv[j++] = minpf_args[i]; - return cmd_record(i, rec_argv, NULL); + for (i = 0; i < (unsigned int)argc; i++) + rec_argv[j++] = argv[i]; + + return cmd_record(j, rec_argv, NULL); } static size_t trace__fprintf_thread_summary(struct trace *trace, FILE *fp); @@ -1882,6 +1974,30 @@ static void perf_evlist__add_vfs_getname(struct perf_evlist *evlist) perf_evlist__add(evlist, evsel); } +static int perf_evlist__add_pgfault(struct perf_evlist *evlist, + u64 config) +{ + struct perf_evsel *evsel; + struct perf_event_attr attr = { + .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, + .mmap_data = 1, + .sample_period = 1, + }; + + attr.config = config; + + event_attr_init(&attr); + + evsel = perf_evsel__new(&attr); + if (!evsel) + return -ENOMEM; + + evsel->handler = trace__pgfault; + perf_evlist__add(evlist, evsel); + + return 0; +} + static int trace__run(struct trace *trace, int argc, const char **argv) { struct perf_evlist *evlist = perf_evlist__new(); @@ -1897,10 +2013,21 @@ static int trace__run(struct trace *trace, int argc, const char **argv) goto out; } - if (perf_evlist__add_syscall_newtp(evlist, trace__sys_enter, trace__sys_exit)) + if (trace->trace_syscalls && + perf_evlist__add_syscall_newtp(evlist, trace__sys_enter, + trace__sys_exit)) + goto out_error_tp; + + if (trace->trace_syscalls) + perf_evlist__add_vfs_getname(evlist); + + if ((trace->trace_pgfaults & TRACE_PFMAJ) && + perf_evlist__add_pgfault(evlist, PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MAJ)) goto out_error_tp; - perf_evlist__add_vfs_getname(evlist); + if ((trace->trace_pgfaults & TRACE_PFMIN) && + perf_evlist__add_pgfault(evlist, PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MIN)) + goto out_error_tp; if (trace->sched && perf_evlist__add_newtp(evlist, "sched", "sched_stat_runtime", @@ -1982,7 +2109,8 @@ again: goto next_event; } - if (sample.raw_data == NULL) { + if (evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT && + sample.raw_data == NULL) { fprintf(trace->output, "%s sample with no payload for tid: %d, cpu %d, raw_size=%d, skipping...\n", perf_evsel__name(evsel), sample.tid, sample.cpu, sample.raw_size); @@ -1990,7 +2118,7 @@ again: } handler = evsel->handler; - handler(trace, evsel, &sample); + handler(trace, evsel, event, &sample); next_event: perf_evlist__mmap_consume(evlist, i); @@ -2093,13 +2221,10 @@ static int trace__replay(struct trace *trace) if (evsel == NULL) evsel = perf_evlist__find_tracepoint_by_name(session->evlist, "syscalls:sys_enter"); - if (evsel == NULL) { - pr_err("Data file does not have raw_syscalls:sys_enter event\n"); - goto out; - } - if (perf_evsel__init_syscall_tp(evsel, trace__sys_enter) < 0 || - perf_evsel__init_sc_tp_ptr_field(evsel, args)) { + if (evsel && + (perf_evsel__init_syscall_tp(evsel, trace__sys_enter) < 0 || + perf_evsel__init_sc_tp_ptr_field(evsel, args))) { pr_err("Error during initialize raw_syscalls:sys_enter event\n"); goto out; } @@ -2109,15 +2234,19 @@ static int trace__replay(struct trace *trace) if (evsel == NULL) evsel = perf_evlist__find_tracepoint_by_name(session->evlist, "syscalls:sys_exit"); - if (evsel == NULL) { - pr_err("Data file does not have raw_syscalls:sys_exit event\n"); + if (evsel && + (perf_evsel__init_syscall_tp(evsel, trace__sys_exit) < 0 || + perf_evsel__init_sc_tp_uint_field(evsel, ret))) { + pr_err("Error during initialize raw_syscalls:sys_exit event\n"); goto out; } - if (perf_evsel__init_syscall_tp(evsel, trace__sys_exit) < 0 || - perf_evsel__init_sc_tp_uint_field(evsel, ret)) { - pr_err("Error during initialize raw_syscalls:sys_exit event\n"); - goto out; + evlist__for_each(session->evlist, evsel) { + if (evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE && + (evsel->attr.config == PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MAJ || + evsel->attr.config == PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MIN || + evsel->attr.config == PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS)) + evsel->handler = trace__pgfault; } err = parse_target_str(trace); @@ -2264,6 +2393,23 @@ static int trace__open_output(struct trace *trace, const char *filename) return trace->output == NULL ? -errno : 0; } +static int parse_pagefaults(const struct option *opt, const char *str, + int unset __maybe_unused) +{ + int *trace_pgfaults = opt->value; + + if (strcmp(str, "all") == 0) + *trace_pgfaults |= TRACE_PFMAJ | TRACE_PFMIN; + else if (strcmp(str, "maj") == 0) + *trace_pgfaults |= TRACE_PFMAJ; + else if (strcmp(str, "min") == 0) + *trace_pgfaults |= TRACE_PFMIN; + else + return -1; + + return 0; +} + int cmd_trace(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused) { const char * const trace_usage[] = { @@ -2293,6 +2439,7 @@ int cmd_trace(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused) }, .output = stdout, .show_comm = true, + .trace_syscalls = true, }; const char *output_name = NULL; const char *ev_qualifier_str = NULL; @@ -2330,20 +2477,34 @@ int cmd_trace(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused) "Show only syscall summary with statistics"), OPT_BOOLEAN('S', "with-summary", &trace.summary, "Show all syscalls and summary with statistics"), + OPT_CALLBACK_DEFAULT('F', "pf", &trace.trace_pgfaults, "all|maj|min", + "Trace pagefaults", parse_pagefaults, "maj"), + OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "syscalls", &trace.trace_syscalls, "Trace syscalls"), OPT_END() }; int err; char bf[BUFSIZ]; - if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(argv[1], "record") == 0)) - return trace__record(argc-2, &argv[2]); + argc = parse_options(argc, argv, trace_options, trace_usage, + PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION); + + if (trace.trace_pgfaults) { + trace.opts.sample_address = true; + trace.opts.sample_time = true; + } - argc = parse_options(argc, argv, trace_options, trace_usage, 0); + if ((argc >= 1) && (strcmp(argv[0], "record") == 0)) + return trace__record(&trace, argc-1, &argv[1]); /* summary_only implies summary option, but don't overwrite summary if set */ if (trace.summary_only) trace.summary = trace.summary_only; + if (!trace.trace_syscalls && !trace.trace_pgfaults) { + pr_err("Please specify something to trace.\n"); + return -1; + } + if (output_name != NULL) { err = trace__open_output(&trace, output_name); if (err < 0) { diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/perl/bin/failed-syscalls-record b/tools/perf/scripts/perl/bin/failed-syscalls-record index 8104895a7b67..74685f318379 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/perl/bin/failed-syscalls-record +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/perl/bin/failed-syscalls-record @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ #!/bin/bash -perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_exit $@ +(perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_exit $@ || \ + perf record -e syscalls:sys_exit $@) 2> /dev/null diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/perl/failed-syscalls.pl b/tools/perf/scripts/perl/failed-syscalls.pl index 94bc25a347eb..55e7ae4c5c88 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/perl/failed-syscalls.pl +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/perl/failed-syscalls.pl @@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ sub raw_syscalls::sys_exit } } +sub syscalls::sys_exit +{ + raw_syscalls::sys_exit(@_) +} + sub trace_end { printf("\nfailed syscalls by comm:\n\n"); diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/failed-syscalls-by-pid-record b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/failed-syscalls-by-pid-record index 8104895a7b67..74685f318379 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/failed-syscalls-by-pid-record +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/failed-syscalls-by-pid-record @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ #!/bin/bash -perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_exit $@ +(perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_exit $@ || \ + perf record -e syscalls:sys_exit $@) 2> /dev/null diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/sctop-record b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/sctop-record index 4efbfaa7f6a5..d6940841e54f 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/sctop-record +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/sctop-record @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ #!/bin/bash -perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter $@ +(perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter $@ || \ + perf record -e syscalls:sys_enter $@) 2> /dev/null diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-by-pid-record b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-by-pid-record index 4efbfaa7f6a5..d6940841e54f 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-by-pid-record +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-by-pid-record @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ #!/bin/bash -perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter $@ +(perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter $@ || \ + perf record -e syscalls:sys_enter $@) 2> /dev/null diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-record b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-record index 4efbfaa7f6a5..d6940841e54f 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-record +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/bin/syscall-counts-record @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ #!/bin/bash -perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter $@ +(perf record -e raw_syscalls:sys_enter $@ || \ + perf record -e syscalls:sys_enter $@) 2> /dev/null diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/failed-syscalls-by-pid.py b/tools/perf/scripts/python/failed-syscalls-by-pid.py index 85805fac4116..266a8364bce5 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/failed-syscalls-by-pid.py +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/failed-syscalls-by-pid.py @@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ def raw_syscalls__sys_exit(event_name, context, common_cpu, except TypeError: syscalls[common_comm][common_pid][id][ret] = 1 +def syscalls__sys_exit(event_name, context, common_cpu, + common_secs, common_nsecs, common_pid, common_comm, + id, ret): + raw_syscalls__sys_exit(**locals()) + def print_error_totals(): if for_comm is not None: print "\nsyscall errors for %s:\n\n" % (for_comm), diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/sctop.py b/tools/perf/scripts/python/sctop.py index 42c267e292fa..c9f3058b7dd4 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/sctop.py +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/sctop.py @@ -53,6 +53,11 @@ def raw_syscalls__sys_enter(event_name, context, common_cpu, except TypeError: syscalls[id] = 1 +def syscalls__sys_enter(event_name, context, common_cpu, + common_secs, common_nsecs, common_pid, common_comm, + id, args): + raw_syscalls__sys_enter(**locals()) + def print_syscall_totals(interval): while 1: clear_term() diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts-by-pid.py b/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts-by-pid.py index c64d1c55d745..cf2054c529c9 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts-by-pid.py +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts-by-pid.py @@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ def raw_syscalls__sys_enter(event_name, context, common_cpu, except TypeError: syscalls[common_comm][common_pid][id] = 1 +def syscalls__sys_enter(event_name, context, common_cpu, + common_secs, common_nsecs, common_pid, common_comm, + id, args): + raw_syscalls__sys_enter(**locals()) + def print_syscall_totals(): if for_comm is not None: print "\nsyscall events for %s:\n\n" % (for_comm), diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts.py b/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts.py index b435d3f188e8..92b29381bd39 100644 --- a/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts.py +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/syscall-counts.py @@ -44,6 +44,11 @@ def raw_syscalls__sys_enter(event_name, context, common_cpu, except TypeError: syscalls[id] = 1 +def syscalls__sys_enter(event_name, context, common_cpu, + common_secs, common_nsecs, common_pid, common_comm, + id, args): + raw_syscalls__sys_enter(**locals()) + def print_syscall_totals(): if for_comm is not None: print "\nsyscall events for %s:\n\n" % (for_comm), |