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* License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no licenseGreg Kroah-Hartman2017-11-021-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license. By default all files without license information are under the default license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2. Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0' SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text. This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and Philippe Ombredanne. How this work was done: Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of the use cases: - file had no licensing information it it. - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it, - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information, Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords. The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files. The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s) to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was: - Files considered eligible had to be source code files. - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5 lines of source - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5 lines). All documentation files were explicitly excluded. The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license identifiers to apply. - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was considered to have no license information in it, and the top level COPYING file license applied. For non */uapi/* files that summary was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 11139 and resulted in the first patch in this series. If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930 and resulted in the second patch in this series. - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in it (per prior point). Results summary: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------ GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270 GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17 LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15 GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14 ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5 LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4 LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1 and that resulted in the third patch in this series. - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became the concluded license(s). - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a license but the other didn't, or they both detected different licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred. - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics). - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier, the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later in time. In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so they are related. Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks in about 15000 files. In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the correct identifier. Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch version early this week with: - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected license ids and scores - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+ files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the different types of files to be modified. These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to generate the patches. Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org> Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com> Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
* delay: Add explanation of udelay() inaccuracyRussell King2017-01-201-0/+11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | There seems to be some misunderstanding that udelay() and friends will always guarantee the specified delay. This is a false understanding. When udelay() is based on CPU cycles, it can return early for many reasons which are detailed by Linus' reply to me in a thread in 2011: http://lists.openwall.net/linux-kernel/2011/01/12/372 However, a udelay test module was created in 2014 which allows udelay() to only be 0.5% fast, which is outside of the CPU-cycles udelay() results I measured back in 2011, which were deemed to be in the "we don't care" region. test_udelay() should be fixed to reflect the real allowable tolerance on udelay(), rather than 0.5%. Cc: David Riley <davidriley@chromium.org> Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
* timer: Added usleep_range timerPatrick Pannuto2010-08-041-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | usleep_range is a finer precision implementations of msleep and is designed to be a drop-in replacement for udelay where a precise sleep / busy-wait is unnecessary. Since an easy interface to hrtimers could lead to an undesired proliferation of interrupts, we provide only a "range" API, forcing the caller to think about an acceptable tolerance on both ends and hopefully avoiding introducing another interrupt. INTRO As discussed here ( http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/8/3/250 ), msleep(1) is not precise enough for many drivers (yes, sleep precision is an unfair notion, but consistently sleeping for ~an order of magnitude greater than requested is worth fixing). This patch adds a usleep API so that udelay does not have to be used. Obviously not every udelay can be replaced (those in atomic contexts or being used for simple bitbanging come to mind), but there are many, many examples of mydriver_write(...) /* Wait for hardware to latch */ udelay(100) in various drivers where a busy-wait loop is neither beneficial nor necessary, but msleep simply does not provide enough precision and people are using a busy-wait loop instead. CONCERNS FROM THE RFC Why is udelay a problem / necessary? Most callers of udelay are in device/ driver initialization code, which is serial... As I see it, there is only benefit to sleeping over a delay; the notion of "refactoring" areas that use udelay was presented, but I see usleep as the refactoring. Consider i2c, if the bus is busy, you need to wait a bit (say 100us) before trying again, your current options are: * udelay(100) * msleep(1) <-- As noted above, actually as high as ~20ms on some platforms, so not really an option * Manually set up an hrtimer to try again in 100us (which is what usleep does anyway...) People choose the udelay route because it is EASY; we need to provide a better easy route. Device / driver / boot code is *currently* serial, but every few months someone makes noise about parallelizing boot, and IMHO, a little forward-thinking now is one less thing to worry about if/when that ever happens udelay's could be preempted Sure, but if udelay plans on looping 1000 times, and it gets preempted on loop 200, whenever it's scheduled again, it is going to do the next 800 loops. Is the interruptible case needed? Probably not, but I see usleep as a very logical parallel to msleep, so it made sense to include the "full" API. Processors are getting faster (albeit not as quickly as they are becoming more parallel), so if someone wanted to be interruptible for a few usecs, why not let them? If this is a contentious point, I'm happy to remove it. OTHER THOUGHTS I believe there is also value in exposing the usleep_range option; it gives the scheduler a lot more flexibility and allows the programmer to express his intent much more clearly; it's something I would hope future driver writers will take advantage of. To get the results in the NUMBERS section below, I literally s/udelay/usleep the kernel tree; I had to go in and undo the changes to the USB drivers, but everything else booted successfully; I find that extremely telling in and of itself -- many people are using a delay API where a sleep will suit them just fine. SOME ATTEMPTS AT NUMBERS It turns out that calculating quantifiable benefit on this is challenging, so instead I will simply present the current state of things, and I hope this to be sufficient: How many udelay calls are there in 2.6.35-rc5? udealy(ARG) >= | COUNT 1000 | 319 500 | 414 100 | 1146 20 | 1832 I am working on Android, so that is my focus for this. The following table is a modified usleep that simply printk's the amount of time requested to sleep; these tests were run on a kernel with udelay >= 20 --> usleep "boot" is power-on to lock screen "power collapse" is when the power button is pushed and the device suspends "resume" is when the power button is pushed and the lock screen is displayed (no touchscreen events or anything, just turning on the display) "use device" is from the unlock swipe to clicking around a bit; there is no sd card in this phone, so fail loading music, video, camera ACTION | TOTAL NUMBER OF USLEEP CALLS | NET TIME (us) boot | 22 | 1250 power-collapse | 9 | 1200 resume | 5 | 500 use device | 59 | 7700 The most interesting category to me is the "use device" field; 7700us of busy-wait time that could be put towards better responsiveness, or at the least less power usage. Signed-off-by: Patrick Pannuto <ppannuto@codeaurora.org> Cc: apw@canonical.com Cc: corbet@lwn.net Cc: arjan@linux.intel.com Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
* Revert "timer: Added usleep[_range] timer"Thomas Gleixner2010-08-041-6/+0
| | | | | | | This reverts commit 22b8f15c2f7130bb0386f548428df2ffd4e81903 to merge an advanced version. Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
* timer: Added usleep[_range] timerPatrick Pannuto2010-07-231-0/+6
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | usleep[_range] are finer precision implementations of msleep and are designed to be drop-in replacements for udelay where a precise sleep / busy-wait is unnecessary. They also allow an easy interface to specify slack when a precise (ish) wakeup is unnecessary to help minimize wakeups Signed-off-by: Patrick Pannuto <ppannuto@codeaurora.org> Cc: akinobu.mita@gmail.com Cc: sboyd@codeaurora.org Acked-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> LKML-Reference: <4C44CDD2.1070708@codeaurora.org> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
* x86: use cpu_khz for loops_per_jiffy calculation, cleanupAlok Kataria2008-06-241-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | As suggested by Ingo, remove all references to tsc from init/calibrate.c TSC is x86 specific, and using tsc in variable names in a generic file should be avoided. lpj_tsc is now called lpj_fine, since it is related to fine tuning of lpj value. Also tsc_rate_* is called timer_rate_* Signed-off-by: Alok N Kataria <akataria@vmware.com> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org> Cc: Daniel Hecht <dhecht@vmware.com> Cc: Tim Mann <mann@vmware.com> Cc: Zach Amsden <zach@vmware.com> Cc: Sahil Rihan <srihan@vmware.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* x86: use cpu_khz for loops_per_jiffy calculationAlok Kataria2008-06-231-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | On the x86 platform we can use the value of tsc_khz computed during tsc calibration to calculate the loops_per_jiffy value. Its very important to keep the error in lpj values to minimum as any error in that may result in kernel panic in check_timer. In virtualization environment, On a highly overloaded host the guest delay calibration may sometimes result in errors beyond the ~50% that timer_irq_works can handle, resulting in the guest panicking. Does some formating changes to lpj_setup code to now have a single printk to print the bogomips value. We do this only for the boot processor because the AP's can have different base frequencies or the BIOS might boot a AP at a different frequency. Signed-off-by: Alok N Kataria <akataria@vmware.com> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org> Cc: Daniel Hecht <dhecht@vmware.com> Cc: Tim Mann <mann@vmware.com> Cc: Zach Amsden <zach@vmware.com> Cc: Sahil Rihan <srihan@vmware.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* ndelay(): switch to C function to avoid 64-bit divisionAndrew Morton2008-03-041-1/+7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We should be able to do ndelay(some_u64), but that can cause a call to __divdi3() to be emitted because the ndelay() macros does a divide. Fix it by switching to static inline which will force the u64 arg to be treated as an unsigned long. udelay() takes an unsigned long arg. [bunk@kernel.org: reported m68k build breakage] Cc: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org> Cc: Evgeniy Polyakov <johnpol@2ka.mipt.ru> Cc: Martin Michlmayr <tbm@cyrius.com> Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* [POWERPC] Fix mdelay badness on shared processor partitionsAnton Blanchard2006-06-211-4/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | On partitioned PPC64 systems where a partition is given 1/10 of a processor, we have seen mdelay() delaying for 10 times longer than it should. The reason is that the generic mdelay(n) does n delays of 1 millisecond each. However, with 1/10 of a processor, we only get a one-millisecond timeslice every 10ms. Thus each 1 millisecond delay loop ends up taking 10ms elapsed time. The solution is just to use the PPC64 udelay function, which uses the timebase to ensure that the delay is based on elapsed time rather than how much processing time the partition has been given. (Yes, the generic mdelay uses the PPC64 udelay, but the problem is that the start time gets reset every millisecond, and each time it gets reset we lose another 9ms.) Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org> Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
* Linux-2.6.12-rc2v2.6.12-rc2Linus Torvalds2005-04-161-0/+50
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history, even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about 3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good infrastructure for it. Let it rip!