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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Along with the addition made to Kconfig.debug, the prior existing but
permanently disabled test function has been slightly refactored.
Patch has been tested using QEMU 2.1.2 with a .config obtained through
'make defconfig' (x86_64) and manually enabling the option.
[arnd@arndb.de: move sort self-test into a separate file]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170112110657.3123790-1-arnd@arndb.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/HE1PR09MB0394B0418D504DCD27167D4FD49B0@HE1PR09MB0394.eurprd09.prod.outlook.com
Signed-off-by: Kostenzer Felix <fkostenzer@live.at>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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In case the call side is not providing a swap function, we either use a
32 bit or a generic swap function. When swapping around pointers on 64
bit architectures falling back to use the generic swap function seems
like an unnecessary waste.
There at least 9 users ('sort' is of difficult to grep for) of sort()
and all of them use the sort function without a customized swap
function. Furthermore, they are all using pointers to swap around:
arch/x86/kernel/e820.c:sanitize_e820_map()
arch/x86/mm/extable.c:sort_extable()
drivers/acpi/fan.c:acpi_fan_get_fps()
fs/btrfs/super.c:btrfs_descending_sort_devices()
fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_dir2_block.c:xfs_dir2_sf_to_block()
kernel/range.c:clean_sort_range()
mm/memcontrol.c:__mem_cgroup_usage_register_event()
sound/pci/hda/hda_auto_parser.c:snd_hda_parse_pin_defcfg()
sound/pci/hda/hda_auto_parser.c:sort_pins_by_sequence()
Obviously, we could improve the swap for other sizes as well
but this is overkill at this point.
A simple test shows sorting a 400 element array (try to stay in one
page) with either with u32_swap() or u64_swap() show that the theory
actually works. This test was done on a x86_64 (Intel Xeon E5-4610)
machine.
- swap_32:
NumSamples = 100; Min = 48.00; Max = 49.00
Mean = 48.320000; Variance = 0.217600; SD = 0.466476; Median 48.000000
each * represents a count of 1
48.0000 - 48.1000 [ 68]: ********************************************************************
48.1000 - 48.2000 [ 0]:
48.2000 - 48.3000 [ 0]:
48.3000 - 48.4000 [ 0]:
48.4000 - 48.5000 [ 0]:
48.5000 - 48.6000 [ 0]:
48.6000 - 48.7000 [ 0]:
48.7000 - 48.8000 [ 0]:
48.8000 - 48.9000 [ 0]:
48.9000 - 49.0000 [ 32]: ********************************
- swap_64:
NumSamples = 100; Min = 44.00; Max = 63.00
Mean = 48.250000; Variance = 18.687500; SD = 4.322904; Median 47.000000
each * represents a count of 1
44.0000 - 45.9000 [ 15]: ***************
45.9000 - 47.8000 [ 37]: *************************************
47.8000 - 49.7000 [ 39]: ***************************************
49.7000 - 51.6000 [ 0]:
51.6000 - 53.5000 [ 0]:
53.5000 - 55.4000 [ 0]:
55.4000 - 57.3000 [ 0]:
57.3000 - 59.2000 [ 1]: *
59.2000 - 61.1000 [ 3]: ***
61.1000 - 63.0000 [ 5]: *****
- swap_72:
NumSamples = 100; Min = 53.00; Max = 71.00
Mean = 55.070000; Variance = 21.565100; SD = 4.643824; Median 53.000000
each * represents a count of 1
53.0000 - 54.8000 [ 73]: *************************************************************************
54.8000 - 56.6000 [ 9]: *********
56.6000 - 58.4000 [ 9]: *********
58.4000 - 60.2000 [ 0]:
60.2000 - 62.0000 [ 0]:
62.0000 - 63.8000 [ 0]:
63.8000 - 65.6000 [ 0]:
65.6000 - 67.4000 [ 1]: *
67.4000 - 69.2000 [ 4]: ****
69.2000 - 71.0000 [ 4]: ****
- test program:
static int cmp_32(const void *a, const void *b)
{
u32 l = *(u32 *)a;
u32 r = *(u32 *)b;
if (l < r)
return -1;
if (l > r)
return 1;
return 0;
}
static int cmp_64(const void *a, const void *b)
{
u64 l = *(u64 *)a;
u64 r = *(u64 *)b;
if (l < r)
return -1;
if (l > r)
return 1;
return 0;
}
static int cmp_72(const void *a, const void *b)
{
u32 l = get_unaligned((u32 *) a);
u32 r = get_unaligned((u32 *) b);
if (l < r)
return -1;
if (l > r)
return 1;
return 0;
}
static void init_array32(void *array)
{
u32 *a = array;
int i;
a[0] = 3821;
for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_ELEMENTS; i++)
a[i] = next_pseudo_random32(a[i-1]);
}
static void init_array64(void *array)
{
u64 *a = array;
int i;
a[0] = 3821;
for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_ELEMENTS; i++)
a[i] = next_pseudo_random32(a[i-1]);
}
static void init_array72(void *array)
{
char *p;
u32 v;
int i;
v = 3821;
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_ELEMENTS; i++) {
p = (char *)array + (i * 9);
put_unaligned(v, (u32*) p);
v = next_pseudo_random32(v);
}
}
static void sort_test(void (*init)(void *array),
int (*cmp) (const void *, const void *),
void *array, size_t size)
{
ktime_t start, stop;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
init(array);
local_irq_disable();
start = ktime_get();
sort(array, ARRAY_ELEMENTS, size, cmp, NULL);
stop = ktime_get();
local_irq_enable();
if (i > 10000 - 101)
pr_info("%lld\n", ktime_to_us(ktime_sub(stop, start)));
}
}
static void *create_array(size_t size)
{
void *array;
array = kmalloc(ARRAY_ELEMENTS * size, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!array)
return NULL;
return array;
}
static int perform_test(size_t size)
{
void *array;
array = create_array(size);
if (!array)
return -ENOMEM;
pr_info("test element size %d bytes\n", (int)size);
switch (size) {
case 4:
sort_test(init_array32, cmp_32, array, size);
break;
case 8:
sort_test(init_array64, cmp_64, array, size);
break;
case 9:
sort_test(init_array72, cmp_72, array, size);
break;
}
kfree(array);
return 0;
}
static int __init sort_tests_init(void)
{
int err;
err = perform_test(sizeof(u32));
if (err)
return err;
err = perform_test(sizeof(u64));
if (err)
return err;
err = perform_test(sizeof(u64)+1);
if (err)
return err;
return 0;
}
static void __exit sort_tests_exit(void)
{
}
module_init(sort_tests_init);
module_exit(sort_tests_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Daniel Wagner");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sort perfomance tests");
Signed-off-by: Daniel Wagner <daniel.wagner@bmw-carit.de>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The sort function and its helpers don't do memory allocation, so the
slab.h include is redundant. Move it inside the #if 0 protecting the
self-test, similar to how it is done in lib/list_sort.c. This removes
over 450 lines from the generated dependency file.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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sort.c doesn't use facilities from kernel.h, but does use some types
defined in linux/types.h. Include the latter directly instead of relying
on some other header doing it. Similarly, include linux/export.h directly
instead of through module.h. This removes 80 lines from the dependency
file .sort.o.cmd.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This is to avoid name clashes for the introduction of a global swap()
macro.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Hello, I fixed and tested a small bug in lib/sort.c file, heap sort
function.
The fix avoids unnecessary swap of contents when i is 0 (saves few loads
and stores), which happens every time sort function is called. I felt the
fix is worth bringing it to your attention given the importance and
frequent use of the sort function.
Acked-by: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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A variety of (mostly) innocuous fixes to the embedded kernel-doc content in
source files, including:
* make multi-line initial descriptions single line
* denote some function names, constants and structs as such
* change erroneous opening '/*' to '/**' in a few places
* reword some text for clarity
Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com>
Cc: "Randy.Dunlap" <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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It is a non-standard heap-sort algorithm implementation because the index
of child node is wrong . The sort function still outputs right result, but
the performance is O( n * ( log(n) + 1 ) ) , about 10% ~ 20% worse than
standard algorithm.
Signed-off-by: keios <keios.cn@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Acked-by: Zou Nan hai <nanhai.zou@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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I recently picked up my older work to remove unnecessary #includes of
sched.h, starting from a patch by Dave Jones to not include sched.h
from module.h. This reduces the number of indirect includes of sched.h
by ~300. Another ~400 pointless direct includes can be removed after
this disentangling (patch to follow later).
However, quite a few indirect includes need to be fixed up for this.
In order to feed the patches through -mm with as little disturbance as
possible, I've split out the fixes I accumulated up to now (complete for
i386 and x86_64, more archs to follow later) and post them before the real
patch. This way this large part of the patch is kept simple with only
adding #includes, and all hunks are independent of each other. So if any
hunk rejects or gets in the way of other patches, just drop it. My scripts
will pick it up again in the next round.
Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This patch contains the following small cleanups:
- make two needlessly global functions static
- every file should #include the header files containing the prototypes
of it's global functions
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The regression test in lib/sort.c is currently worthless because the array
that is generated for sorting will be all zeros. This patch fixes things
so that the array that is generated will contain unsorted integers (that
are not all identical) as was probably intended.
Signed-off-by Daniel Dickman <didickman@yahoo.com>
Signed-off-by: Domen Puncer <domen@coderock.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
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