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authorLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2019-05-06 13:45:04 -0700
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2019-05-06 13:45:04 -0700
commit2f1835dffa949f560dfa3ed63c0bfc10944b461c (patch)
tree4bf591f7f36c03ae2a8a9306bb92ce29b47eae18 /kernel/irq
parentd90dcc1f14555c62a32bc15c86c66d1d5444b5cb (diff)
parent471ba0e686cb13752bc1ff3216c54b69a2d250ea (diff)
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Merge branch 'irq-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull irq updates from Ingo Molnar: "The changes in this cycle were: - Remove the irq timings/variance statistics code that tried to predict when the next interrupt would occur, which didn't work out as hoped and is replaced by another mechanism. - This new mechanism is the 'array suffix computation' estimate, which is superior to the previous one as it can detect not just a single periodic pattern, but independent periodic patterns along a log-2 scale of bucketing and exponential moving average. The comments are longer than the code - and it works better at predicting various complex interrupt patterns from real-world devices than the previous estimate. - avoid IRQ-work self-IPIs on the local CPU - fix work-list corruption in irq_set_affinity_notifier()" * 'irq-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: irq_work: Do not raise an IPI when queueing work on the local CPU genirq/devres: Use struct_size() in devm_kzalloc() genirq/timings: Add array suffix computation code genirq/timings: Remove variance computation code genirq: Prevent use-after-free and work list corruption
Diffstat (limited to 'kernel/irq')
-rw-r--r--kernel/irq/devres.c3
-rw-r--r--kernel/irq/manage.c4
-rw-r--r--kernel/irq/timings.c522
3 files changed, 367 insertions, 162 deletions
diff --git a/kernel/irq/devres.c b/kernel/irq/devres.c
index f808c6a97dcc..f6e5515ee077 100644
--- a/kernel/irq/devres.c
+++ b/kernel/irq/devres.c
@@ -220,9 +220,8 @@ devm_irq_alloc_generic_chip(struct device *dev, const char *name, int num_ct,
irq_flow_handler_t handler)
{
struct irq_chip_generic *gc;
- unsigned long sz = sizeof(*gc) + num_ct * sizeof(struct irq_chip_type);
- gc = devm_kzalloc(dev, sz, GFP_KERNEL);
+ gc = devm_kzalloc(dev, struct_size(gc, chip_types, num_ct), GFP_KERNEL);
if (gc)
irq_init_generic_chip(gc, name, num_ct,
irq_base, reg_base, handler);
diff --git a/kernel/irq/manage.c b/kernel/irq/manage.c
index 1401afa0d58a..53a081392115 100644
--- a/kernel/irq/manage.c
+++ b/kernel/irq/manage.c
@@ -357,8 +357,10 @@ irq_set_affinity_notifier(unsigned int irq, struct irq_affinity_notify *notify)
desc->affinity_notify = notify;
raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&desc->lock, flags);
- if (old_notify)
+ if (old_notify) {
+ cancel_work_sync(&old_notify->work);
kref_put(&old_notify->kref, old_notify->release);
+ }
return 0;
}
diff --git a/kernel/irq/timings.c b/kernel/irq/timings.c
index 1e4cb63a5c82..90c735da15d0 100644
--- a/kernel/irq/timings.c
+++ b/kernel/irq/timings.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
#include <linux/idr.h>
#include <linux/irq.h>
#include <linux/math64.h>
+#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <trace/events/irq.h>
@@ -18,16 +19,6 @@ DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(irq_timing_enabled);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct irq_timings, irq_timings);
-struct irqt_stat {
- u64 next_evt;
- u64 last_ts;
- u64 variance;
- u32 avg;
- u32 nr_samples;
- int anomalies;
- int valid;
-};
-
static DEFINE_IDR(irqt_stats);
void irq_timings_enable(void)
@@ -40,75 +31,360 @@ void irq_timings_disable(void)
static_branch_disable(&irq_timing_enabled);
}
-/**
- * irqs_update - update the irq timing statistics with a new timestamp
+/*
+ * The main goal of this algorithm is to predict the next interrupt
+ * occurrence on the current CPU.
+ *
+ * Currently, the interrupt timings are stored in a circular array
+ * buffer every time there is an interrupt, as a tuple: the interrupt
+ * number and the associated timestamp when the event occurred <irq,
+ * timestamp>.
+ *
+ * For every interrupt occurring in a short period of time, we can
+ * measure the elapsed time between the occurrences for the same
+ * interrupt and we end up with a suite of intervals. The experience
+ * showed the interrupts are often coming following a periodic
+ * pattern.
+ *
+ * The objective of the algorithm is to find out this periodic pattern
+ * in a fastest way and use its period to predict the next irq event.
+ *
+ * When the next interrupt event is requested, we are in the situation
+ * where the interrupts are disabled and the circular buffer
+ * containing the timings is filled with the events which happened
+ * after the previous next-interrupt-event request.
+ *
+ * At this point, we read the circular buffer and we fill the irq
+ * related statistics structure. After this step, the circular array
+ * containing the timings is empty because all the values are
+ * dispatched in their corresponding buffers.
+ *
+ * Now for each interrupt, we can predict the next event by using the
+ * suffix array, log interval and exponential moving average
+ *
+ * 1. Suffix array
+ *
+ * Suffix array is an array of all the suffixes of a string. It is
+ * widely used as a data structure for compression, text search, ...
+ * For instance for the word 'banana', the suffixes will be: 'banana'
+ * 'anana' 'nana' 'ana' 'na' 'a'
+ *
+ * Usually, the suffix array is sorted but for our purpose it is
+ * not necessary and won't provide any improvement in the context of
+ * the solved problem where we clearly define the boundaries of the
+ * search by a max period and min period.
+ *
+ * The suffix array will build a suite of intervals of different
+ * length and will look for the repetition of each suite. If the suite
+ * is repeating then we have the period because it is the length of
+ * the suite whatever its position in the buffer.
+ *
+ * 2. Log interval
+ *
+ * We saw the irq timings allow to compute the interval of the
+ * occurrences for a specific interrupt. We can reasonibly assume the
+ * longer is the interval, the higher is the error for the next event
+ * and we can consider storing those interval values into an array
+ * where each slot in the array correspond to an interval at the power
+ * of 2 of the index. For example, index 12 will contain values
+ * between 2^11 and 2^12.
+ *
+ * At the end we have an array of values where at each index defines a
+ * [2^index - 1, 2 ^ index] interval values allowing to store a large
+ * number of values inside a small array.
+ *
+ * For example, if we have the value 1123, then we store it at
+ * ilog2(1123) = 10 index value.
+ *
+ * Storing those value at the specific index is done by computing an
+ * exponential moving average for this specific slot. For instance,
+ * for values 1800, 1123, 1453, ... fall under the same slot (10) and
+ * the exponential moving average is computed every time a new value
+ * is stored at this slot.
+ *
+ * 3. Exponential Moving Average
+ *
+ * The EMA is largely used to track a signal for stocks or as a low
+ * pass filter. The magic of the formula, is it is very simple and the
+ * reactivity of the average can be tuned with the factors called
+ * alpha.
+ *
+ * The higher the alphas are, the faster the average respond to the
+ * signal change. In our case, if a slot in the array is a big
+ * interval, we can have numbers with a big difference between
+ * them. The impact of those differences in the average computation
+ * can be tuned by changing the alpha value.
+ *
+ *
+ * -- The algorithm --
+ *
+ * We saw the different processing above, now let's see how they are
+ * used together.
+ *
+ * For each interrupt:
+ * For each interval:
+ * Compute the index = ilog2(interval)
+ * Compute a new_ema(buffer[index], interval)
+ * Store the index in a circular buffer
+ *
+ * Compute the suffix array of the indexes
+ *
+ * For each suffix:
+ * If the suffix is reverse-found 3 times
+ * Return suffix
+ *
+ * Return Not found
+ *
+ * However we can not have endless suffix array to be build, it won't
+ * make sense and it will add an extra overhead, so we can restrict
+ * this to a maximum suffix length of 5 and a minimum suffix length of
+ * 2. The experience showed 5 is the majority of the maximum pattern
+ * period found for different devices.
+ *
+ * The result is a pattern finding less than 1us for an interrupt.
*
- * @irqs: an irqt_stat struct pointer
- * @ts: the new timestamp
+ * Example based on real values:
*
- * The statistics are computed online, in other words, the code is
- * designed to compute the statistics on a stream of values rather
- * than doing multiple passes on the values to compute the average,
- * then the variance. The integer division introduces a loss of
- * precision but with an acceptable error margin regarding the results
- * we would have with the double floating precision: we are dealing
- * with nanosec, so big numbers, consequently the mantisse is
- * negligeable, especially when converting the time in usec
- * afterwards.
+ * Example 1 : MMC write/read interrupt interval:
*
- * The computation happens at idle time. When the CPU is not idle, the
- * interrupts' timestamps are stored in the circular buffer, when the
- * CPU goes idle and this routine is called, all the buffer's values
- * are injected in the statistical model continuying to extend the
- * statistics from the previous busy-idle cycle.
+ * 223947, 1240, 1384, 1386, 1386,
+ * 217416, 1236, 1384, 1386, 1387,
+ * 214719, 1241, 1386, 1387, 1384,
+ * 213696, 1234, 1384, 1386, 1388,
+ * 219904, 1240, 1385, 1389, 1385,
+ * 212240, 1240, 1386, 1386, 1386,
+ * 214415, 1236, 1384, 1386, 1387,
+ * 214276, 1234, 1384, 1388, ?
*
- * The observations showed a device will trigger a burst of periodic
- * interrupts followed by one or two peaks of longer time, for
- * instance when a SD card device flushes its cache, then the periodic
- * intervals occur again. A one second inactivity period resets the
- * stats, that gives us the certitude the statistical values won't
- * exceed 1x10^9, thus the computation won't overflow.
+ * For each element, apply ilog2(value)
*
- * Basically, the purpose of the algorithm is to watch the periodic
- * interrupts and eliminate the peaks.
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, ?
*
- * An interrupt is considered periodically stable if the interval of
- * its occurences follow the normal distribution, thus the values
- * comply with:
+ * Max period of 5, we take the last (max_period * 3) 15 elements as
+ * we can be confident if the pattern repeats itself three times it is
+ * a repeating pattern.
*
- * avg - 3 x stddev < value < avg + 3 x stddev
+ * 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+ * 15, 8, 8, 8, ?
*
- * Which can be simplified to:
+ * Suffixes are:
*
- * -3 x stddev < value - avg < 3 x stddev
+ * 1) 8, 15, 8, 8, 8 <- max period
+ * 2) 8, 15, 8, 8
+ * 3) 8, 15, 8
+ * 4) 8, 15 <- min period
*
- * abs(value - avg) < 3 x stddev
+ * From there we search the repeating pattern for each suffix.
*
- * In order to save a costly square root computation, we use the
- * variance. For the record, stddev = sqrt(variance). The equation
- * above becomes:
+ * buffer: 8, 15, 8, 8, 8, 8, 15, 8, 8, 8, 8, 15, 8, 8, 8
+ * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ * 8, 15, 8, 8, 8 | | | | | | | | | |
+ * 8, 15, 8, 8, 8 | | | | |
+ * 8, 15, 8, 8, 8
*
- * abs(value - avg) < 3 x sqrt(variance)
+ * When moving the suffix, we found exactly 3 matches.
*
- * And finally we square it:
+ * The first suffix with period 5 is repeating.
*
- * (value - avg) ^ 2 < (3 x sqrt(variance)) ^ 2
+ * The next event is (3 * max_period) % suffix_period
*
- * (value - avg) x (value - avg) < 9 x variance
+ * In this example, the result 0, so the next event is suffix[0] => 8
*
- * Statistically speaking, any values out of this interval is
- * considered as an anomaly and is discarded. However, a normal
- * distribution appears when the number of samples is 30 (it is the
- * rule of thumb in statistics, cf. "30 samples" on Internet). When
- * there are three consecutive anomalies, the statistics are resetted.
+ * However, 8 is the index in the array of exponential moving average
+ * which was calculated on the fly when storing the values, so the
+ * interval is ema[8] = 1366
*
+ *
+ * Example 2:
+ *
+ * 4, 3, 5, 100,
+ * 3, 3, 5, 117,
+ * 4, 4, 5, 112,
+ * 4, 3, 4, 110,
+ * 3, 5, 3, 117,
+ * 4, 4, 5, 112,
+ * 4, 3, 4, 110,
+ * 3, 4, 5, 112,
+ * 4, 3, 4, 110
+ *
+ * ilog2
+ *
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4
+ *
+ * Max period 5:
+ * 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4,
+ * 0, 0, 0, 4
+ *
+ * Suffixes:
+ *
+ * 1) 0, 0, 4, 0, 0
+ * 2) 0, 0, 4, 0
+ * 3) 0, 0, 4
+ * 4) 0, 0
+ *
+ * buffer: 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4
+ * | | | | | | X
+ * 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, | X
+ * 0, 0
+ *
+ * buffer: 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4
+ * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ * 0, 0, 4, 0, | | | | | | | | | | |
+ * 0, 0, 4, 0, | | | | | | |
+ * 0, 0, 4, 0, | | |
+ * 0 0 4
+ *
+ * Pattern is found 3 times, the remaining is 1 which results from
+ * (max_period * 3) % suffix_period. This value is the index in the
+ * suffix arrays. The suffix array for a period 4 has the value 4
+ * at index 1.
+ */
+#define EMA_ALPHA_VAL 64
+#define EMA_ALPHA_SHIFT 7
+
+#define PREDICTION_PERIOD_MIN 2
+#define PREDICTION_PERIOD_MAX 5
+#define PREDICTION_FACTOR 4
+#define PREDICTION_MAX 10 /* 2 ^ PREDICTION_MAX useconds */
+#define PREDICTION_BUFFER_SIZE 16 /* slots for EMAs, hardly more than 16 */
+
+struct irqt_stat {
+ u64 last_ts;
+ u64 ema_time[PREDICTION_BUFFER_SIZE];
+ int timings[IRQ_TIMINGS_SIZE];
+ int circ_timings[IRQ_TIMINGS_SIZE];
+ int count;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Exponential moving average computation
*/
-static void irqs_update(struct irqt_stat *irqs, u64 ts)
+static u64 irq_timings_ema_new(u64 value, u64 ema_old)
+{
+ s64 diff;
+
+ if (unlikely(!ema_old))
+ return value;
+
+ diff = (value - ema_old) * EMA_ALPHA_VAL;
+ /*
+ * We can use a s64 type variable to be added with the u64
+ * ema_old variable as this one will never have its topmost
+ * bit set, it will be always smaller than 2^63 nanosec
+ * interrupt interval (292 years).
+ */
+ return ema_old + (diff >> EMA_ALPHA_SHIFT);
+}
+
+static int irq_timings_next_event_index(int *buffer, size_t len, int period_max)
+{
+ int i;
+
+ /*
+ * The buffer contains the suite of intervals, in a ilog2
+ * basis, we are looking for a repetition. We point the
+ * beginning of the search three times the length of the
+ * period beginning at the end of the buffer. We do that for
+ * each suffix.
+ */
+ for (i = period_max; i >= PREDICTION_PERIOD_MIN ; i--) {
+
+ int *begin = &buffer[len - (i * 3)];
+ int *ptr = begin;
+
+ /*
+ * We look if the suite with period 'i' repeat
+ * itself. If it is truncated at the end, as it
+ * repeats we can use the period to find out the next
+ * element.
+ */
+ while (!memcmp(ptr, begin, i * sizeof(*ptr))) {
+ ptr += i;
+ if (ptr >= &buffer[len])
+ return begin[((i * 3) % i)];
+ }
+ }
+
+ return -1;
+}
+
+static u64 __irq_timings_next_event(struct irqt_stat *irqs, int irq, u64 now)
+{
+ int index, i, period_max, count, start, min = INT_MAX;
+
+ if ((now - irqs->last_ts) >= NSEC_PER_SEC) {
+ irqs->count = irqs->last_ts = 0;
+ return U64_MAX;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * As we want to find three times the repetition, we need a
+ * number of intervals greater or equal to three times the
+ * maximum period, otherwise we truncate the max period.
+ */
+ period_max = irqs->count > (3 * PREDICTION_PERIOD_MAX) ?
+ PREDICTION_PERIOD_MAX : irqs->count / 3;
+
+ /*
+ * If we don't have enough irq timings for this prediction,
+ * just bail out.
+ */
+ if (period_max <= PREDICTION_PERIOD_MIN)
+ return U64_MAX;
+
+ /*
+ * 'count' will depends if the circular buffer wrapped or not
+ */
+ count = irqs->count < IRQ_TIMINGS_SIZE ?
+ irqs->count : IRQ_TIMINGS_SIZE;
+
+ start = irqs->count < IRQ_TIMINGS_SIZE ?
+ 0 : (irqs->count & IRQ_TIMINGS_MASK);
+
+ /*
+ * Copy the content of the circular buffer into another buffer
+ * in order to linearize the buffer instead of dealing with
+ * wrapping indexes and shifted array which will be prone to
+ * error and extremelly difficult to debug.
+ */
+ for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+ int index = (start + i) & IRQ_TIMINGS_MASK;
+
+ irqs->timings[i] = irqs->circ_timings[index];
+ min = min_t(int, irqs->timings[i], min);
+ }
+
+ index = irq_timings_next_event_index(irqs->timings, count, period_max);
+ if (index < 0)
+ return irqs->last_ts + irqs->ema_time[min];
+
+ return irqs->last_ts + irqs->ema_time[index];
+}
+
+static inline void irq_timings_store(int irq, struct irqt_stat *irqs, u64 ts)
{
u64 old_ts = irqs->last_ts;
- u64 variance = 0;
u64 interval;
- s64 diff;
+ int index;
/*
* The timestamps are absolute time values, we need to compute
@@ -135,87 +411,28 @@ static void irqs_update(struct irqt_stat *irqs, u64 ts)
* want as we need another timestamp to compute an interval.
*/
if (interval >= NSEC_PER_SEC) {
- memset(irqs, 0, sizeof(*irqs));
- irqs->last_ts = ts;
+ irqs->count = 0;
return;
}
/*
- * Pre-compute the delta with the average as the result is
- * used several times in this function.
- */
- diff = interval - irqs->avg;
-
- /*
- * Increment the number of samples.
- */
- irqs->nr_samples++;
-
- /*
- * Online variance divided by the number of elements if there
- * is more than one sample. Normally the formula is division
- * by nr_samples - 1 but we assume the number of element will be
- * more than 32 and dividing by 32 instead of 31 is enough
- * precise.
- */
- if (likely(irqs->nr_samples > 1))
- variance = irqs->variance >> IRQ_TIMINGS_SHIFT;
-
- /*
- * The rule of thumb in statistics for the normal distribution
- * is having at least 30 samples in order to have the model to
- * apply. Values outside the interval are considered as an
- * anomaly.
- */
- if ((irqs->nr_samples >= 30) && ((diff * diff) > (9 * variance))) {
- /*
- * After three consecutive anomalies, we reset the
- * stats as it is no longer stable enough.
- */
- if (irqs->anomalies++ >= 3) {
- memset(irqs, 0, sizeof(*irqs));
- irqs->last_ts = ts;
- return;
- }
- } else {
- /*
- * The anomalies must be consecutives, so at this
- * point, we reset the anomalies counter.
- */
- irqs->anomalies = 0;
- }
-
- /*
- * The interrupt is considered stable enough to try to predict
- * the next event on it.
+ * Get the index in the ema table for this interrupt. The
+ * PREDICTION_FACTOR increase the interval size for the array
+ * of exponential average.
*/
- irqs->valid = 1;
+ index = likely(interval) ?
+ ilog2((interval >> 10) / PREDICTION_FACTOR) : 0;
/*
- * Online average algorithm:
- *
- * new_average = average + ((value - average) / count)
- *
- * The variance computation depends on the new average
- * to be computed here first.
- *
+ * Store the index as an element of the pattern in another
+ * circular array.
*/
- irqs->avg = irqs->avg + (diff >> IRQ_TIMINGS_SHIFT);
+ irqs->circ_timings[irqs->count & IRQ_TIMINGS_MASK] = index;
- /*
- * Online variance algorithm:
- *
- * new_variance = variance + (value - average) x (value - new_average)
- *
- * Warning: irqs->avg is updated with the line above, hence
- * 'interval - irqs->avg' is no longer equal to 'diff'
- */
- irqs->variance = irqs->variance + (diff * (interval - irqs->avg));
+ irqs->ema_time[index] = irq_timings_ema_new(interval,
+ irqs->ema_time[index]);
- /*
- * Update the next event
- */
- irqs->next_evt = ts + irqs->avg;
+ irqs->count++;
}
/**
@@ -259,6 +476,9 @@ u64 irq_timings_next_event(u64 now)
*/
lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();
+ if (!irqts->count)
+ return next_evt;
+
/*
* Number of elements in the circular buffer: If it happens it
* was flushed before, then the number of elements could be
@@ -269,21 +489,19 @@ u64 irq_timings_next_event(u64 now)
* type but with the cost of extra computation in the
* interrupt handler hot path. We choose efficiency.
*
- * Inject measured irq/timestamp to the statistical model
- * while decrementing the counter because we consume the data
- * from our circular buffer.
+ * Inject measured irq/timestamp to the pattern prediction
+ * model while decrementing the counter because we consume the
+ * data from our circular buffer.
*/
- for (i = irqts->count & IRQ_TIMINGS_MASK,
- irqts->count = min(IRQ_TIMINGS_SIZE, irqts->count);
- irqts->count > 0; irqts->count--, i = (i + 1) & IRQ_TIMINGS_MASK) {
- irq = irq_timing_decode(irqts->values[i], &ts);
+ i = (irqts->count & IRQ_TIMINGS_MASK) - 1;
+ irqts->count = min(IRQ_TIMINGS_SIZE, irqts->count);
+ for (; irqts->count > 0; irqts->count--, i = (i + 1) & IRQ_TIMINGS_MASK) {
+ irq = irq_timing_decode(irqts->values[i], &ts);
s = idr_find(&irqt_stats, irq);
- if (s) {
- irqs = this_cpu_ptr(s);
- irqs_update(irqs, ts);
- }
+ if (s)
+ irq_timings_store(irq, this_cpu_ptr(s), ts);
}
/*
@@ -294,26 +512,12 @@ u64 irq_timings_next_event(u64 now)
irqs = this_cpu_ptr(s);
- if (!irqs->valid)
- continue;
+ ts = __irq_timings_next_event(irqs, i, now);
+ if (ts <= now)
+ return now;
- if (irqs->next_evt <= now) {
- irq = i;
- next_evt = now;
-
- /*
- * This interrupt mustn't use in the future
- * until new events occur and update the
- * statistics.
- */
- irqs->valid = 0;
- break;
- }
-
- if (irqs->next_evt < next_evt) {
- irq = i;
- next_evt = irqs->next_evt;
- }
+ if (ts < next_evt)
+ next_evt = ts;
}
return next_evt;