summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/atomic_ops.txt')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/atomic_ops.txt87
1 files changed, 87 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt b/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
index 3bd585b44927..27f2b21a9d5c 100644
--- a/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
+++ b/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
@@ -84,6 +84,93 @@ compiler optimizes the section accessing atomic_t variables.
*** YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED! ***
+Properly aligned pointers, longs, ints, and chars (and unsigned
+equivalents) may be atomically loaded from and stored to in the same
+sense as described for atomic_read() and atomic_set(). The ACCESS_ONCE()
+macro should be used to prevent the compiler from using optimizations
+that might otherwise optimize accesses out of existence on the one hand,
+or that might create unsolicited accesses on the other.
+
+For example consider the following code:
+
+ while (a > 0)
+ do_something();
+
+If the compiler can prove that do_something() does not store to the
+variable a, then the compiler is within its rights transforming this to
+the following:
+
+ tmp = a;
+ if (a > 0)
+ for (;;)
+ do_something();
+
+If you don't want the compiler to do this (and you probably don't), then
+you should use something like the following:
+
+ while (ACCESS_ONCE(a) < 0)
+ do_something();
+
+Alternatively, you could place a barrier() call in the loop.
+
+For another example, consider the following code:
+
+ tmp_a = a;
+ do_something_with(tmp_a);
+ do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
+
+If the compiler can prove that do_something_with() does not store to the
+variable a, then the compiler is within its rights to manufacture an
+additional load as follows:
+
+ tmp_a = a;
+ do_something_with(tmp_a);
+ tmp_a = a;
+ do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
+
+This could fatally confuse your code if it expected the same value
+to be passed to do_something_with() and do_something_else_with().
+
+The compiler would be likely to manufacture this additional load if
+do_something_with() was an inline function that made very heavy use
+of registers: reloading from variable a could save a flush to the
+stack and later reload. To prevent the compiler from attacking your
+code in this manner, write the following:
+
+ tmp_a = ACCESS_ONCE(a);
+ do_something_with(tmp_a);
+ do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
+
+For a final example, consider the following code, assuming that the
+variable a is set at boot time before the second CPU is brought online
+and never changed later, so that memory barriers are not needed:
+
+ if (a)
+ b = 9;
+ else
+ b = 42;
+
+The compiler is within its rights to manufacture an additional store
+by transforming the above code into the following:
+
+ b = 42;
+ if (a)
+ b = 9;
+
+This could come as a fatal surprise to other code running concurrently
+that expected b to never have the value 42 if a was zero. To prevent
+the compiler from doing this, write something like:
+
+ if (a)
+ ACCESS_ONCE(b) = 9;
+ else
+ ACCESS_ONCE(b) = 42;
+
+Don't even -think- about doing this without proper use of memory barriers,
+locks, or atomic operations if variable a can change at runtime!
+
+*** WARNING: ACCESS_ONCE() DOES NOT IMPLY A BARRIER! ***
+
Now, we move onto the atomic operation interfaces typically implemented with
the help of assembly code.