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| author | Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+samsung@kernel.org> | 2019-06-18 11:47:10 -0300 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+samsung@kernel.org> | 2019-07-15 11:03:01 -0300 |
| commit | e7751617dd0599ceadf4221cb08e04307b00aa1f (patch) | |
| tree | 16b7a5858f6b4c641e3346e2438f83df49ababa7 /Documentation/blockdev | |
| parent | 330d48105245abfb8c9ca491dc53ea500657217a (diff) | |
| download | linux-stable-e7751617dd0599ceadf4221cb08e04307b00aa1f.tar.gz linux-stable-e7751617dd0599ceadf4221cb08e04307b00aa1f.tar.bz2 linux-stable-e7751617dd0599ceadf4221cb08e04307b00aa1f.zip | |
docs: blockdev: add it to the admin-guide
The blockdev book basically contains user-faced documentation.
Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+samsung@kernel.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/blockdev')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg | 588 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/DRBD-data-packets.svg | 459 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/conn-states-8.dot | 18 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/data-structure-v9.rst | 42 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/disk-states-8.dot | 16 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/drbd-connection-state-overview.dot | 85 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/figures.rst | 28 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/index.rst | 19 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/drbd/node-states-8.dot | 14 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/floppy.rst | 255 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/index.rst | 16 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/nbd.rst | 31 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst | 439 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst | 177 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst | 422 |
15 files changed, 0 insertions, 2609 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg deleted file mode 100644 index f87cfa0dc2fb..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,588 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> -<!-- Created with Inkscape (http://www.inkscape.org/) --> -<svg - xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" - xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" - version="1.0" - width="210mm" - height="297mm" - viewBox="0 0 21000 29700" - id="svg2" - style="fill-rule:evenodd"> - <defs - id="defs4" /> - <g - id="Default" - style="visibility:visible"> - <desc - id="desc180">Master slide</desc> - </g> - <path - d="M 11999,8601 L 11899,8301 L 12099,8301 L 11999,8601 z" - id="path193" - style="fill:#008000;visibility:visible" /> - <path - d="M 11999,7801 L 11999,8361" - id="path197" - style="fill:none;stroke:#008000;visibility:visible" /> - <path - d="M 7999,10401 L 7899,10101 L 8099,10101 L 7999,10401 z" - 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y="20331" - id="tspan1029">rs_complete_io()</tspan> - </text> -</svg> diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/conn-states-8.dot b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/conn-states-8.dot deleted file mode 100644 index 025e8cf5e64a..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/conn-states-8.dot +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -digraph conn_states { - StandAllone -> WFConnection [ label = "ioctl_set_net()" ] - WFConnection -> Unconnected [ label = "unable to bind()" ] - WFConnection -> WFReportParams [ label = "in connect() after accept" ] - WFReportParams -> StandAllone [ label = "checks in receive_param()" ] - WFReportParams -> Connected [ label = "in receive_param()" ] - WFReportParams -> WFBitMapS [ label = "sync_handshake()" ] - WFReportParams -> WFBitMapT [ label = "sync_handshake()" ] - WFBitMapS -> SyncSource [ label = "receive_bitmap()" ] - WFBitMapT -> SyncTarget [ label = "receive_bitmap()" ] - SyncSource -> Connected - SyncTarget -> Connected - SyncSource -> PausedSyncS - SyncTarget -> PausedSyncT - PausedSyncS -> SyncSource - PausedSyncT -> SyncTarget - Connected -> WFConnection [ label = "* on network error" ] -} diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/data-structure-v9.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/data-structure-v9.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 66036b901644..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/data-structure-v9.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -================================ -kernel data structure for DRBD-9 -================================ - -This describes the in kernel data structure for DRBD-9. Starting with -Linux v3.14 we are reorganizing DRBD to use this data structure. - -Basic Data Structure -==================== - -A node has a number of DRBD resources. Each such resource has a number of -devices (aka volumes) and connections to other nodes ("peer nodes"). Each DRBD -device is represented by a block device locally. - -The DRBD objects are interconnected to form a matrix as depicted below; a -drbd_peer_device object sits at each intersection between a drbd_device and a -drbd_connection:: - - /--------------+---------------+.....+---------------\ - | resource | device | | device | - +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+ - | connection | peer_device | | peer_device | - +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+ - : : : : : - : : : : : - +--------------+---------------+.....+---------------+ - | connection | peer_device | | peer_device | - \--------------+---------------+.....+---------------/ - -In this table, horizontally, devices can be accessed from resources by their -volume number. Likewise, peer_devices can be accessed from connections by -their volume number. Objects in the vertical direction are connected by double -linked lists. There are back pointers from peer_devices to their connections a -devices, and from connections and devices to their resource. - -All resources are in the drbd_resources double-linked list. In addition, all -devices can be accessed by their minor device number via the drbd_devices idr. - -The drbd_resource, drbd_connection, and drbd_device objects are reference -counted. The peer_device objects only serve to establish the links between -devices and connections; their lifetime is determined by the lifetime of the -device and connection which they reference. diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/disk-states-8.dot b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/disk-states-8.dot deleted file mode 100644 index d06cfb46fb98..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/disk-states-8.dot +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -digraph disk_states { - Diskless -> Inconsistent [ label = "ioctl_set_disk()" ] - Diskless -> Consistent [ label = "ioctl_set_disk()" ] - Diskless -> Outdated [ label = "ioctl_set_disk()" ] - Consistent -> Outdated [ label = "receive_param()" ] - Consistent -> UpToDate [ label = "receive_param()" ] - Consistent -> Inconsistent [ label = "start resync" ] - Outdated -> Inconsistent [ label = "start resync" ] - UpToDate -> Inconsistent [ label = "ioctl_replicate" ] - Inconsistent -> UpToDate [ label = "resync completed" ] - Consistent -> Failed [ label = "io completion error" ] - Outdated -> Failed [ label = "io completion error" ] - UpToDate -> Failed [ label = "io completion error" ] - Inconsistent -> Failed [ label = "io completion error" ] - Failed -> Diskless [ label = "sending notify to peer" ] -} diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/drbd-connection-state-overview.dot b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/drbd-connection-state-overview.dot deleted file mode 100644 index 6d9cf0a7b11d..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/drbd-connection-state-overview.dot +++ /dev/null @@ -1,85 +0,0 @@ -// vim: set sw=2 sts=2 : -digraph { - rankdir=BT - bgcolor=white - - node [shape=plaintext] - node [fontcolor=black] - - StandAlone [ style=filled,fillcolor=gray,label=StandAlone ] - - node [fontcolor=lightgray] - - Unconnected [ label=Unconnected ] - - CommTrouble [ shape=record, - label="{communication loss|{Timeout|BrokenPipe|NetworkFailure}}" ] - - node [fontcolor=gray] - - subgraph cluster_try_connect { - label="try to connect, handshake" - rank=max - WFConnection [ label=WFConnection ] - WFReportParams [ label=WFReportParams ] - } - - TearDown [ label=TearDown ] - - Connected [ label=Connected,style=filled,fillcolor=green,fontcolor=black ] - - node [fontcolor=lightblue] - - StartingSyncS [ label=StartingSyncS ] - StartingSyncT [ label=StartingSyncT ] - - subgraph cluster_bitmap_exchange { - node [fontcolor=red] - fontcolor=red - label="new application (WRITE?) requests blocked\lwhile bitmap is exchanged" - - WFBitMapT [ label=WFBitMapT ] - WFSyncUUID [ label=WFSyncUUID ] - WFBitMapS [ label=WFBitMapS ] - } - - node [fontcolor=blue] - - cluster_resync [ shape=record,label="{<any>resynchronisation process running\l'concurrent' application requests allowed|{{<T>PausedSyncT\nSyncTarget}|{<S>PausedSyncS\nSyncSource}}}" ] - - node [shape=box,fontcolor=black] - - // drbdadm [label="drbdadm connect"] - // handshake [label="drbd_connect()\ndrbd_do_handshake\ndrbd_sync_handshake() etc."] - // comm_error [label="communication trouble"] - - // - // edges - // -------------------------------------- - - StandAlone -> Unconnected [ label="drbdadm connect" ] - Unconnected -> StandAlone [ label="drbdadm disconnect\lor serious communication trouble" ] - Unconnected -> WFConnection [ label="receiver thread is started" ] - WFConnection -> WFReportParams [ headlabel="accept()\land/or \lconnect()\l" ] - - WFReportParams -> StandAlone [ label="during handshake\lpeers do not agree\labout something essential" ] - WFReportParams -> Connected [ label="data identical\lno sync needed",color=green,fontcolor=green ] - - WFReportParams -> WFBitMapS - WFReportParams -> WFBitMapT - WFBitMapT -> WFSyncUUID [minlen=0.1,constraint=false] - - WFBitMapS -> cluster_resync:S - WFSyncUUID -> cluster_resync:T - - edge [color=green] - cluster_resync:any -> Connected [ label="resnyc done",fontcolor=green ] - - edge [color=red] - WFReportParams -> CommTrouble - Connected -> CommTrouble - cluster_resync:any -> CommTrouble - edge [color=black] - CommTrouble -> Unconnected [label="receiver thread is stopped" ] - -} diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/figures.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/figures.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 3e3fd4b8a478..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/figures.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,28 +0,0 @@ -.. The here included files are intended to help understand the implementation - -Data flows that Relate some functions, and write packets -======================================================== - -.. kernel-figure:: DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg - :alt: DRBD-8.3-data-packets.svg - :align: center - -.. kernel-figure:: DRBD-data-packets.svg - :alt: DRBD-data-packets.svg - :align: center - - -Sub graphs of DRBD's state transitions -====================================== - -.. kernel-figure:: conn-states-8.dot - :alt: conn-states-8.dot - :align: center - -.. kernel-figure:: disk-states-8.dot - :alt: disk-states-8.dot - :align: center - -.. kernel-figure:: node-states-8.dot - :alt: node-states-8.dot - :align: center diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/index.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/index.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 68ecd5c113e9..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/index.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,19 +0,0 @@ -========================================== -Distributed Replicated Block Device - DRBD -========================================== - -Description -=========== - - DRBD is a shared-nothing, synchronously replicated block device. It - is designed to serve as a building block for high availability - clusters and in this context, is a "drop-in" replacement for shared - storage. Simplistically, you could see it as a network RAID 1. - - Please visit http://www.drbd.org to find out more. - -.. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 1 - - data-structure-v9 - figures diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/node-states-8.dot b/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/node-states-8.dot deleted file mode 100644 index 4a2b00c23547..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/drbd/node-states-8.dot +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -digraph node_states { - Secondary -> Primary [ label = "ioctl_set_state()" ] - Primary -> Secondary [ label = "ioctl_set_state()" ] -} - -digraph peer_states { - Secondary -> Primary [ label = "recv state packet" ] - Primary -> Secondary [ label = "recv state packet" ] - Primary -> Unknown [ label = "connection lost" ] - Secondary -> Unknown [ label = "connection lost" ] - Unknown -> Primary [ label = "connected" ] - Unknown -> Secondary [ label = "connected" ] -} - diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/floppy.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/floppy.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 4a8f31cf4139..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/floppy.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,255 +0,0 @@ -============= -Floppy Driver -============= - -FAQ list: -========= - -A FAQ list may be found in the fdutils package (see below), and also -at <http://fdutils.linux.lu/faq.html>. - - -LILO configuration options (Thinkpad users, read this) -====================================================== - -The floppy driver is configured using the 'floppy=' option in -lilo. This option can be typed at the boot prompt, or entered in the -lilo configuration file. - -Example: If your kernel is called linux-2.6.9, type the following line -at the lilo boot prompt (if you have a thinkpad):: - - linux-2.6.9 floppy=thinkpad - -You may also enter the following line in /etc/lilo.conf, in the description -of linux-2.6.9:: - - append = "floppy=thinkpad" - -Several floppy related options may be given, example:: - - linux-2.6.9 floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc - append = "floppy=daring floppy=two_fdc" - -If you give options both in the lilo config file and on the boot -prompt, the option strings of both places are concatenated, the boot -prompt options coming last. That's why there are also options to -restore the default behavior. - - -Module configuration options -============================ - -If you use the floppy driver as a module, use the following syntax:: - - modprobe floppy floppy="<options>" - -Example:: - - modprobe floppy floppy="omnibook messages" - -If you need certain options enabled every time you load the floppy driver, -you can put:: - - options floppy floppy="omnibook messages" - -in a configuration file in /etc/modprobe.d/. - - -The floppy driver related options are: - - floppy=asus_pci - Sets the bit mask to allow only units 0 and 1. (default) - - floppy=daring - Tells the floppy driver that you have a well behaved floppy controller. - This allows more efficient and smoother operation, but may fail on - certain controllers. This may speed up certain operations. - - floppy=0,daring - Tells the floppy driver that your floppy controller should be used - with caution. - - floppy=one_fdc - Tells the floppy driver that you have only one floppy controller. - (default) - - floppy=two_fdc / floppy=<address>,two_fdc - Tells the floppy driver that you have two floppy controllers. - The second floppy controller is assumed to be at <address>. - This option is not needed if the second controller is at address - 0x370, and if you use the 'cmos' option. - - floppy=thinkpad - Tells the floppy driver that you have a Thinkpad. Thinkpads use an - inverted convention for the disk change line. - - floppy=0,thinkpad - Tells the floppy driver that you don't have a Thinkpad. - - floppy=omnibook / floppy=nodma - Tells the floppy driver not to use Dma for data transfers. - This is needed on HP Omnibooks, which don't have a workable - DMA channel for the floppy driver. This option is also useful - if you frequently get "Unable to allocate DMA memory" messages. - Indeed, dma memory needs to be continuous in physical memory, - and is thus harder to find, whereas non-dma buffers may be - allocated in virtual memory. However, I advise against this if - you have an FDC without a FIFO (8272A or 82072). 82072A and - later are OK. You also need at least a 486 to use nodma. - If you use nodma mode, I suggest you also set the FIFO - threshold to 10 or lower, in order to limit the number of data - transfer interrupts. - - If you have a FIFO-able FDC, the floppy driver automatically - falls back on non DMA mode if no DMA-able memory can be found. - If you want to avoid this, explicitly ask for 'yesdma'. - - floppy=yesdma - Tells the floppy driver that a workable DMA channel is available. - (default) - - floppy=nofifo - Disables the FIFO entirely. This is needed if you get "Bus - master arbitration error" messages from your Ethernet card (or - from other devices) while accessing the floppy. - - floppy=usefifo - Enables the FIFO. (default) - - floppy=<threshold>,fifo_depth - Sets the FIFO threshold. This is mostly relevant in DMA - mode. If this is higher, the floppy driver tolerates more - interrupt latency, but it triggers more interrupts (i.e. it - imposes more load on the rest of the system). If this is - lower, the interrupt latency should be lower too (faster - processor). The benefit of a lower threshold is less - interrupts. - - To tune the fifo threshold, switch on over/underrun messages - using 'floppycontrol --messages'. Then access a floppy - disk. If you get a huge amount of "Over/Underrun - retrying" - messages, then the fifo threshold is too low. Try with a - higher value, until you only get an occasional Over/Underrun. - It is a good idea to compile the floppy driver as a module - when doing this tuning. Indeed, it allows to try different - fifo values without rebooting the machine for each test. Note - that you need to do 'floppycontrol --messages' every time you - re-insert the module. - - Usually, tuning the fifo threshold should not be needed, as - the default (0xa) is reasonable. - - floppy=<drive>,<type>,cmos - Sets the CMOS type of <drive> to <type>. This is mandatory if - you have more than two floppy drives (only two can be - described in the physical CMOS), or if your BIOS uses - non-standard CMOS types. The CMOS types are: - - == ================================== - 0 Use the value of the physical CMOS - 1 5 1/4 DD - 2 5 1/4 HD - 3 3 1/2 DD - 4 3 1/2 HD - 5 3 1/2 ED - 6 3 1/2 ED - 16 unknown or not installed - == ================================== - - (Note: there are two valid types for ED drives. This is because 5 was - initially chosen to represent floppy *tapes*, and 6 for ED drives. - AMI ignored this, and used 5 for ED drives. That's why the floppy - driver handles both.) - - floppy=unexpected_interrupts - Print a warning message when an unexpected interrupt is received. - (default) - - floppy=no_unexpected_interrupts / floppy=L40SX - Don't print a message when an unexpected interrupt is received. This - is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. (There seems - to be an interaction between video and floppy. The unexpected - interrupts affect only performance, and can be safely ignored.) - - floppy=broken_dcl - Don't use the disk change line, but assume that the disk was - changed whenever the device node is reopened. Needed on some - boxes where the disk change line is broken or unsupported. - This should be regarded as a stopgap measure, indeed it makes - floppy operation less efficient due to unneeded cache - flushings, and slightly more unreliable. Please verify your - cable, connection and jumper settings if you have any DCL - problems. However, some older drives, and also some laptops - are known not to have a DCL. - - floppy=debug - Print debugging messages. - - floppy=messages - Print informational messages for some operations (disk change - notifications, warnings about over and underruns, and about - autodetection). - - floppy=silent_dcl_clear - Uses a less noisy way to clear the disk change line (which - doesn't involve seeks). Implied by 'daring' option. - - floppy=<nr>,irq - Sets the floppy IRQ to <nr> instead of 6. - - floppy=<nr>,dma - Sets the floppy DMA channel to <nr> instead of 2. - - floppy=slow - Use PS/2 stepping rate:: - - PS/2 floppies have much slower step rates than regular floppies. - It's been recommended that take about 1/4 of the default speed - in some more extreme cases. - - -Supporting utilities and additional documentation: -================================================== - -Additional parameters of the floppy driver can be configured at -runtime. Utilities which do this can be found in the fdutils package. -This package also contains a new version of mtools which allows to -access high capacity disks (up to 1992K on a high density 3 1/2 disk!). -It also contains additional documentation about the floppy driver. - -The latest version can be found at fdutils homepage: - - http://fdutils.linux.lu - -The fdutils releases can be found at: - - http://fdutils.linux.lu/download.html - - http://www.tux.org/pub/knaff/fdutils/ - - ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/ - -Reporting problems about the floppy driver -========================================== - -If you have a question or a bug report about the floppy driver, mail -me at Alain.Knaff@poboxes.com . If you post to Usenet, preferably use -comp.os.linux.hardware. As the volume in these groups is rather high, -be sure to include the word "floppy" (or "FLOPPY") in the subject -line. If the reported problem happens when mounting floppy disks, be -sure to mention also the type of the filesystem in the subject line. - -Be sure to read the FAQ before mailing/posting any bug reports! - -Alain - -Changelog -========= - -10-30-2004 : - Cleanup, updating, add reference to module configuration. - James Nelson <james4765@gmail.com> - -6-3-2000 : - Original Document diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/index.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/index.rst deleted file mode 100644 index a9af6ed8b4aa..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/index.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -:orphan: - -=========================== -The Linux RapidIO Subsystem -=========================== - -.. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 1 - - floppy - nbd - paride - ramdisk - zram - - drbd/index diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/nbd.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/nbd.rst deleted file mode 100644 index d78dfe559dcf..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/nbd.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -================================== -Network Block Device (TCP version) -================================== - -1) Overview ------------ - -What is it: With this compiled in the kernel (or as a module), Linux -can use a remote server as one of its block devices. So every time -the client computer wants to read, e.g., /dev/nb0, it sends a -request over TCP to the server, which will reply with the data read. -This can be used for stations with low disk space (or even diskless) -to borrow disk space from another computer. -Unlike NFS, it is possible to put any filesystem on it, etc. - -For more information, or to download the nbd-client and nbd-server -tools, go to http://nbd.sf.net/. - -The nbd kernel module need only be installed on the client -system, as the nbd-server is completely in userspace. In fact, -the nbd-server has been successfully ported to other operating -systems, including Windows. - -A) NBD parameters ------------------ - -max_part - Number of partitions per device (default: 0). - -nbds_max - Number of block devices that should be initialized (default: 16). diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 87b4278bf314..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/paride.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,439 +0,0 @@ -=================================== -Linux and parallel port IDE devices -=================================== - -PARIDE v1.03 (c) 1997-8 Grant Guenther <grant@torque.net> - -1. Introduction -=============== - -Owing to the simplicity and near universality of the parallel port interface -to personal computers, many external devices such as portable hard-disk, -CD-ROM, LS-120 and tape drives use the parallel port to connect to their -host computer. While some devices (notably scanners) use ad-hoc methods -to pass commands and data through the parallel port interface, most -external devices are actually identical to an internal model, but with -a parallel-port adapter chip added in. Some of the original parallel port -adapters were little more than mechanisms for multiplexing a SCSI bus. -(The Iomega PPA-3 adapter used in the ZIP drives is an example of this -approach). Most current designs, however, take a different approach. -The adapter chip reproduces a small ISA or IDE bus in the external device -and the communication protocol provides operations for reading and writing -device registers, as well as data block transfer functions. Sometimes, -the device being addressed via the parallel cable is a standard SCSI -controller like an NCR 5380. The "ditto" family of external tape -drives use the ISA replicator to interface a floppy disk controller, -which is then connected to a floppy-tape mechanism. The vast majority -of external parallel port devices, however, are now based on standard -IDE type devices, which require no intermediate controller. If one -were to open up a parallel port CD-ROM drive, for instance, one would -find a standard ATAPI CD-ROM drive, a power supply, and a single adapter -that interconnected a standard PC parallel port cable and a standard -IDE cable. It is usually possible to exchange the CD-ROM device with -any other device using the IDE interface. - -The document describes the support in Linux for parallel port IDE -devices. It does not cover parallel port SCSI devices, "ditto" tape -drives or scanners. Many different devices are supported by the -parallel port IDE subsystem, including: - - - MicroSolutions backpack CD-ROM - - MicroSolutions backpack PD/CD - - MicroSolutions backpack hard-drives - - MicroSolutions backpack 8000t tape drive - - SyQuest EZ-135, EZ-230 & SparQ drives - - Avatar Shark - - Imation Superdisk LS-120 - - Maxell Superdisk LS-120 - - FreeCom Power CD - - Hewlett-Packard 5GB and 8GB tape drives - - Hewlett-Packard 7100 and 7200 CD-RW drives - -as well as most of the clone and no-name products on the market. - -To support such a wide range of devices, PARIDE, the parallel port IDE -subsystem, is actually structured in three parts. There is a base -paride module which provides a registry and some common methods for -accessing the parallel ports. The second component is a set of -high-level drivers for each of the different types of supported devices: - - === ============= - pd IDE disk - pcd ATAPI CD-ROM - pf ATAPI disk - pt ATAPI tape - pg ATAPI generic - === ============= - -(Currently, the pg driver is only used with CD-R drives). - -The high-level drivers function according to the relevant standards. -The third component of PARIDE is a set of low-level protocol drivers -for each of the parallel port IDE adapter chips. Thanks to the interest -and encouragement of Linux users from many parts of the world, -support is available for almost all known adapter protocols: - - ==== ====================================== ==== - aten ATEN EH-100 (HK) - bpck Microsolutions backpack (US) - comm DataStor (old-type) "commuter" adapter (TW) - dstr DataStor EP-2000 (TW) - epat Shuttle EPAT (UK) - epia Shuttle EPIA (UK) - fit2 FIT TD-2000 (US) - fit3 FIT TD-3000 (US) - friq Freecom IQ cable (DE) - frpw Freecom Power (DE) - kbic KingByte KBIC-951A and KBIC-971A (TW) - ktti KT Technology PHd adapter (SG) - on20 OnSpec 90c20 (US) - on26 OnSpec 90c26 (US) - ==== ====================================== ==== - - -2. Using the PARIDE subsystem -============================= - -While configuring the Linux kernel, you may choose either to build -the PARIDE drivers into your kernel, or to build them as modules. - -In either case, you will need to select "Parallel port IDE device support" -as well as at least one of the high-level drivers and at least one -of the parallel port communication protocols. If you do not know -what kind of parallel port adapter is used in your drive, you could -begin by checking the file names and any text files on your DOS -installation floppy. Alternatively, you can look at the markings on -the adapter chip itself. That's usually sufficient to identify the -correct device. - -You can actually select all the protocol modules, and allow the PARIDE -subsystem to try them all for you. - -For the "brand-name" products listed above, here are the protocol -and high-level drivers that you would use: - - ================ ============ ====== ======== - Manufacturer Model Driver Protocol - ================ ============ ====== ======== - MicroSolutions CD-ROM pcd bpck - MicroSolutions PD drive pf bpck - MicroSolutions hard-drive pd bpck - MicroSolutions 8000t tape pt bpck - SyQuest EZ, SparQ pd epat - Imation Superdisk pf epat - Maxell Superdisk pf friq - Avatar Shark pd epat - FreeCom CD-ROM pcd frpw - Hewlett-Packard 5GB Tape pt epat - Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD) pcd epat - Hewlett-Packard 7200e (CD-R) pg epat - ================ ============ ====== ======== - -2.1 Configuring built-in drivers ---------------------------------- - -We recommend that you get to know how the drivers work and how to -configure them as loadable modules, before attempting to compile a -kernel with the drivers built-in. - -If you built all of your PARIDE support directly into your kernel, -and you have just a single parallel port IDE device, your kernel should -locate it automatically for you. If you have more than one device, -you may need to give some command line options to your bootloader -(eg: LILO), how to do that is beyond the scope of this document. - -The high-level drivers accept a number of command line parameters, all -of which are documented in the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride. -By default, each driver will automatically try all parallel ports it -can find, and all protocol types that have been installed, until it finds -a parallel port IDE adapter. Once it finds one, the probe stops. So, -if you have more than one device, you will need to tell the drivers -how to identify them. This requires specifying the port address, the -protocol identification number and, for some devices, the drive's -chain ID. While your system is booting, a number of messages are -displayed on the console. Like all such messages, they can be -reviewed with the 'dmesg' command. Among those messages will be -some lines like:: - - paride: bpck registered as protocol 0 - paride: epat registered as protocol 1 - -The numbers will always be the same until you build a new kernel with -different protocol selections. You should note these numbers as you -will need them to identify the devices. - -If you happen to be using a MicroSolutions backpack device, you will -also need to know the unit ID number for each drive. This is usually -the last two digits of the drive's serial number (but read MicroSolutions' -documentation about this). - -As an example, let's assume that you have a MicroSolutions PD/CD drive -with unit ID number 36 connected to the parallel port at 0x378, a SyQuest -EZ-135 connected to the chained port on the PD/CD drive and also an -Imation Superdisk connected to port 0x278. You could give the following -options on your boot command:: - - pd.drive0=0x378,1 pf.drive0=0x278,1 pf.drive1=0x378,0,36 - -In the last option, pf.drive1 configures device /dev/pf1, the 0x378 -is the parallel port base address, the 0 is the protocol registration -number and 36 is the chain ID. - -Please note: while PARIDE will work both with and without the -PARPORT parallel port sharing system that is included by the -"Parallel port support" option, PARPORT must be included and enabled -if you want to use chains of devices on the same parallel port. - -2.2 Loading and configuring PARIDE as modules ----------------------------------------------- - -It is much faster and simpler to get to understand the PARIDE drivers -if you use them as loadable kernel modules. - -Note 1: - using these drivers with the "kerneld" automatic module loading - system is not recommended for beginners, and is not documented here. - -Note 2: - if you build PARPORT support as a loadable module, PARIDE must - also be built as loadable modules, and PARPORT must be loaded before - the PARIDE modules. - -To use PARIDE, you must begin by:: - - insmod paride - -this loads a base module which provides a registry for the protocols, -among other tasks. - -Then, load as many of the protocol modules as you think you might need. -As you load each module, it will register the protocols that it supports, -and print a log message to your kernel log file and your console. For -example:: - - # insmod epat - paride: epat registered as protocol 0 - # insmod kbic - paride: k951 registered as protocol 1 - paride: k971 registered as protocol 2 - -Finally, you can load high-level drivers for each kind of device that -you have connected. By default, each driver will autoprobe for a single -device, but you can support up to four similar devices by giving their -individual co-ordinates when you load the driver. - -For example, if you had two no-name CD-ROM drives both using the -KingByte KBIC-951A adapter, one on port 0x378 and the other on 0x3bc -you could give the following command:: - - # insmod pcd drive0=0x378,1 drive1=0x3bc,1 - -For most adapters, giving a port address and protocol number is sufficient, -but check the source files in linux/drivers/block/paride for more -information. (Hopefully someone will write some man pages one day !). - -As another example, here's what happens when PARPORT is installed, and -a SyQuest EZ-135 is attached to port 0x378:: - - # insmod paride - paride: version 1.0 installed - # insmod epat - paride: epat registered as protocol 0 - # insmod pd - pd: pd version 1.0, major 45, cluster 64, nice 0 - pda: Sharing parport1 at 0x378 - pda: epat 1.0, Shuttle EPAT chip c3 at 0x378, mode 5 (EPP-32), delay 1 - pda: SyQuest EZ135A, 262144 blocks [128M], (512/16/32), removable media - pda: pda1 - -Note that the last line is the output from the generic partition table -scanner - in this case it reports that it has found a disk with one partition. - -2.3 Using a PARIDE device --------------------------- - -Once the drivers have been loaded, you can access PARIDE devices in the -same way as their traditional counterparts. You will probably need to -create the device "special files". Here is a simple script that you can -cut to a file and execute:: - - #!/bin/bash - # - # mkd -- a script to create the device special files for the PARIDE subsystem - # - function mkdev { - mknod $1 $2 $3 $4 ; chmod 0660 $1 ; chown root:disk $1 - } - # - function pd { - D=$( printf \\$( printf "x%03x" $[ $1 + 97 ] ) ) - mkdev pd$D b 45 $[ $1 * 16 ] - for P in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 - do mkdev pd$D$P b 45 $[ $1 * 16 + $P ] - done - } - # - cd /dev - # - for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do pd $u ; done - for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pcd$u b 46 $u ; done - for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pf$u b 47 $u ; done - for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pt$u c 96 $u ; done - for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev npt$u c 96 $[ $u + 128 ] ; done - for u in 0 1 2 3 ; do mkdev pg$u c 97 $u ; done - # - # end of mkd - -With the device files and drivers in place, you can access PARIDE devices -like any other Linux device. For example, to mount a CD-ROM in pcd0, use:: - - mount /dev/pcd0 /cdrom - -If you have a fresh Avatar Shark cartridge, and the drive is pda, you -might do something like:: - - fdisk /dev/pda -- make a new partition table with - partition 1 of type 83 - - mke2fs /dev/pda1 -- to build the file system - - mkdir /shark -- make a place to mount the disk - - mount /dev/pda1 /shark - -Devices like the Imation superdisk work in the same way, except that -they do not have a partition table. For example to make a 120MB -floppy that you could share with a DOS system:: - - mkdosfs /dev/pf0 - mount /dev/pf0 /mnt - - -2.4 The pf driver ------------------- - -The pf driver is intended for use with parallel port ATAPI disk -devices. The most common devices in this category are PD drives -and LS-120 drives. Traditionally, media for these devices are not -partitioned. Consequently, the pf driver does not support partitioned -media. This may be changed in a future version of the driver. - -2.5 Using the pt driver ------------------------- - -The pt driver for parallel port ATAPI tape drives is a minimal driver. -It does not yet support many of the standard tape ioctl operations. -For best performance, a block size of 32KB should be used. You will -probably want to set the parallel port delay to 0, if you can. - -2.6 Using the pg driver ------------------------- - -The pg driver can be used in conjunction with the cdrecord program -to create CD-ROMs. Please get cdrecord version 1.6.1 or later -from ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/ . To record CD-R media -your parallel port should ideally be set to EPP mode, and the "port delay" -should be set to 0. With those settings it is possible to record at 2x -speed without any buffer underruns. If you cannot get the driver to work -in EPP mode, try to use "bidirectional" or "PS/2" mode and 1x speeds only. - - -3. Troubleshooting -================== - -3.1 Use EPP mode if you can ----------------------------- - -The most common problems that people report with the PARIDE drivers -concern the parallel port CMOS settings. At this time, none of the -PARIDE protocol modules support ECP mode, or any ECP combination modes. -If you are able to do so, please set your parallel port into EPP mode -using your CMOS setup procedure. - -3.2 Check the port delay -------------------------- - -Some parallel ports cannot reliably transfer data at full speed. To -offset the errors, the PARIDE protocol modules introduce a "port -delay" between each access to the i/o ports. Each protocol sets -a default value for this delay. In most cases, the user can override -the default and set it to 0 - resulting in somewhat higher transfer -rates. In some rare cases (especially with older 486 systems) the -default delays are not long enough. if you experience corrupt data -transfers, or unexpected failures, you may wish to increase the -port delay. The delay can be programmed using the "driveN" parameters -to each of the high-level drivers. Please see the notes above, or -read the comments at the beginning of the driver source files in -linux/drivers/block/paride. - -3.3 Some drives need a printer reset -------------------------------------- - -There appear to be a number of "noname" external drives on the market -that do not always power up correctly. We have noticed this with some -drives based on OnSpec and older Freecom adapters. In these rare cases, -the adapter can often be reinitialised by issuing a "printer reset" on -the parallel port. As the reset operation is potentially disruptive in -multiple device environments, the PARIDE drivers will not do it -automatically. You can however, force a printer reset by doing:: - - insmod lp reset=1 - rmmod lp - -If you have one of these marginal cases, you should probably build -your paride drivers as modules, and arrange to do the printer reset -before loading the PARIDE drivers. - -3.4 Use the verbose option and dmesg if you need help ------------------------------------------------------- - -While a lot of testing has gone into these drivers to make them work -as smoothly as possible, problems will arise. If you do have problems, -please check all the obvious things first: does the drive work in -DOS with the manufacturer's drivers ? If that doesn't yield any useful -clues, then please make sure that only one drive is hooked to your system, -and that either (a) PARPORT is enabled or (b) no other device driver -is using your parallel port (check in /proc/ioports). Then, load the -appropriate drivers (you can load several protocol modules if you want) -as in:: - - # insmod paride - # insmod epat - # insmod bpck - # insmod kbic - ... - # insmod pd verbose=1 - -(using the correct driver for the type of device you have, of course). -The verbose=1 parameter will cause the drivers to log a trace of their -activity as they attempt to locate your drive. - -Use 'dmesg' to capture a log of all the PARIDE messages (any messages -beginning with paride:, a protocol module's name or a driver's name) and -include that with your bug report. You can submit a bug report in one -of two ways. Either send it directly to the author of the PARIDE suite, -by e-mail to grant@torque.net, or join the linux-parport mailing list -and post your report there. - -3.5 For more information or help ---------------------------------- - -You can join the linux-parport mailing list by sending a mail message -to: - - linux-parport-request@torque.net - -with the single word:: - - subscribe - -in the body of the mail message (not in the subject line). Please be -sure that your mail program is correctly set up when you do this, as -the list manager is a robot that will subscribe you using the reply -address in your mail headers. REMOVE any anti-spam gimmicks you may -have in your mail headers, when sending mail to the list server. - -You might also find some useful information on the linux-parport -web pages (although they are not always up to date) at - - http://web.archive.org/web/%2E/http://www.torque.net/parport/ diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst deleted file mode 100644 index b7c2268f8dec..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,177 +0,0 @@ -========================================== -Using the RAM disk block device with Linux -========================================== - -.. Contents: - - 1) Overview - 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters - 3) Using "rdev -r" - 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk - - -1) Overview ------------ - -The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It -is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules -in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can -also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents -are erased on reboot. - -The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using -RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty -so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later. - -The RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured -to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change -the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu -and (re)build the kernel. - -To use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev -directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0 -for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd. - -The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images, -allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or -rescue floppy disk. - - -2) Parameters ---------------------------------- - -2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters - - ramdisk_size=N - Size of the ramdisk. - -This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The -default is 4096 (4 MB). - -2b) Module parameters - - rd_nr - /dev/ramX devices created. - - max_part - Maximum partition number. - - rd_size - See ramdisk_size. - -3) Using "rdev -r" ------------------- - -The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image is -as follows. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1 k blocks) of up -to 2 MB (2^11) of where to find the RAM disk (this used to be the size). Bit -14 indicates that a RAM disk is to be loaded, and bit 15 indicates whether a -prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying to read the RAM disk. Since -the RAM disk dynamically grows as data is being written into it, a size field -is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero. -These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below:: - - ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF - ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000 - ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000 - -Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the -kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2. - -Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as 0, meaning that your RAM disk -starts at an offset of 0 kB from the beginning of the floppy. -The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0" - -You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a RAM disk is to be loaded. -The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1" - -You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress -sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks. -The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1" - -Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word. -So to create disk one of the set, you would do:: - - /usr/src/linux# cat arch/x86/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0 - /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0 - /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152 - -If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use:: - - append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1" - -Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use:: - - append = "load_ramdisk=1" - - -4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk ------------------------------------------------ - -To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to -construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an -unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this -example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0". - -Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB -of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this -restriction does not apply. - -a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example. - Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently - required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the - area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for - the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create:: - - dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 - -b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example:: - - mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048 - -c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...) - and unmount it again. - -d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression - will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused - space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing:: - - dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz - -e) Put the kernel onto the floppy:: - - dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k - -f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset - that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another - (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping - the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in - size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is - not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB):: - - dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400 - -g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, RAM disk offset, prompt flag, etc. - For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would - have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552:: - - rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0 - rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552 - -That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some -users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe. - - - Paul Gortmaker 12/95 - -Changelog: ----------- - -10-22-04 : - Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove - obsolete references, general cleanup. - James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com) - - -12-95 : - Original Document diff --git a/Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst b/Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 6eccf13219ff..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/blockdev/zram.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,422 +0,0 @@ -======================================== -zram: Compressed RAM based block devices -======================================== - -Introduction -============ - -The zram module creates RAM based block devices named /dev/zram<id> -(<id> = 0, 1, ...). Pages written to these disks are compressed and stored -in memory itself. These disks allow very fast I/O and compression provides -good amounts of memory savings. Some of the usecases include /tmp storage, -use as swap disks, various caches under /var and maybe many more :) - -Statistics for individual zram devices are exported through sysfs nodes at -/sys/block/zram<id>/ - -Usage -===== - -There are several ways to configure and manage zram device(-s): - -a) using zram and zram_control sysfs attributes -b) using zramctl utility, provided by util-linux (util-linux@vger.kernel.org). - -In this document we will describe only 'manual' zram configuration steps, -IOW, zram and zram_control sysfs attributes. - -In order to get a better idea about zramctl please consult util-linux -documentation, zramctl man-page or `zramctl --help`. Please be informed -that zram maintainers do not develop/maintain util-linux or zramctl, should -you have any questions please contact util-linux@vger.kernel.org - -Following shows a typical sequence of steps for using zram. - -WARNING -======= - -For the sake of simplicity we skip error checking parts in most of the -examples below. However, it is your sole responsibility to handle errors. - -zram sysfs attributes always return negative values in case of errors. -The list of possible return codes: - -======== ============================================================= --EBUSY an attempt to modify an attribute that cannot be changed once - the device has been initialised. Please reset device first; --ENOMEM zram was not able to allocate enough memory to fulfil your - needs; --EINVAL invalid input has been provided. -======== ============================================================= - -If you use 'echo', the returned value that is changed by 'echo' utility, -and, in general case, something like:: - - echo 3 > /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams - if [ $? -ne 0 ]; - handle_error - fi - -should suffice. - -1) Load Module -============== - -:: - - modprobe zram num_devices=4 - This creates 4 devices: /dev/zram{0,1,2,3} - -num_devices parameter is optional and tells zram how many devices should be -pre-created. Default: 1. - -2) Set max number of compression streams -======================================== - -Regardless the value passed to this attribute, ZRAM will always -allocate multiple compression streams - one per online CPUs - thus -allowing several concurrent compression operations. The number of -allocated compression streams goes down when some of the CPUs -become offline. There is no single-compression-stream mode anymore, -unless you are running a UP system or has only 1 CPU online. - -To find out how many streams are currently available:: - - cat /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams - -3) Select compression algorithm -=============================== - -Using comp_algorithm device attribute one can see available and -currently selected (shown in square brackets) compression algorithms, -change selected compression algorithm (once the device is initialised -there is no way to change compression algorithm). - -Examples:: - - #show supported compression algorithms - cat /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm - lzo [lz4] - - #select lzo compression algorithm - echo lzo > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm - -For the time being, the `comp_algorithm` content does not necessarily -show every compression algorithm supported by the kernel. We keep this -list primarily to simplify device configuration and one can configure -a new device with a compression algorithm that is not listed in -`comp_algorithm`. The thing is that, internally, ZRAM uses Crypto API -and, if some of the algorithms were built as modules, it's impossible -to list all of them using, for instance, /proc/crypto or any other -method. This, however, has an advantage of permitting the usage of -custom crypto compression modules (implementing S/W or H/W compression). - -4) Set Disksize -=============== - -Set disk size by writing the value to sysfs node 'disksize'. -The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes. -Examples:: - - # Initialize /dev/zram0 with 50MB disksize - echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/disksize - - # Using mem suffixes - echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/disksize - echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize - echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/disksize - -Note: -There is little point creating a zram of greater than twice the size of memory -since we expect a 2:1 compression ratio. Note that zram uses about 0.1% of the -size of the disk when not in use so a huge zram is wasteful. - -5) Set memory limit: Optional -============================= - -Set memory limit by writing the value to sysfs node 'mem_limit'. -The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes. -In addition, you could change the value in runtime. -Examples:: - - # limit /dev/zram0 with 50MB memory - echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit - - # Using mem suffixes - echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit - echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit - echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit - - # To disable memory limit - echo 0 > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit - -6) Activate -=========== - -:: - - mkswap /dev/zram0 - swapon /dev/zram0 - - mkfs.ext4 /dev/zram1 - mount /dev/zram1 /tmp - -7) Add/remove zram devices -========================== - -zram provides a control interface, which enables dynamic (on-demand) device -addition and removal. - -In order to add a new /dev/zramX device, perform read operation on hot_add -attribute. This will return either new device's device id (meaning that you -can use /dev/zram<id>) or error code. - -Example:: - - cat /sys/class/zram-control/hot_add - 1 - -To remove the existing /dev/zramX device (where X is a device id) -execute:: - - echo X > /sys/class/zram-control/hot_remove - -8) Stats -======== - -Per-device statistics are exported as various nodes under /sys/block/zram<id>/ - -A brief description of exported device attributes. For more details please -read Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block-zram. - -====================== ====== =============================================== -Name access description -====================== ====== =============================================== -disksize RW show and set the device's disk size -initstate RO shows the initialization state of the device -reset WO trigger device reset -mem_used_max WO reset the `mem_used_max` counter (see later) -mem_limit WO specifies the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can - use to store the compressed data -writeback_limit WO specifies the maximum amount of write IO zram - can write out to backing device as 4KB unit -writeback_limit_enable RW show and set writeback_limit feature -max_comp_streams RW the number of possible concurrent compress - operations -comp_algorithm RW show and change the compression algorithm -compact WO trigger memory compaction -debug_stat RO this file is used for zram debugging purposes -backing_dev RW set up backend storage for zram to write out -idle WO mark allocated slot as idle -====================== ====== =============================================== - - -User space is advised to use the following files to read the device statistics. - -File /sys/block/zram<id>/stat - -Represents block layer statistics. Read Documentation/block/stat.rst for -details. - -File /sys/block/zram<id>/io_stat - -The stat file represents device's I/O statistics not accounted by block -layer and, thus, not available in zram<id>/stat file. It consists of a -single line of text and contains the following stats separated by -whitespace: - - ============= ============================================================= - failed_reads The number of failed reads - failed_writes The number of failed writes - invalid_io The number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests - notify_free Depending on device usage scenario it may account - - a) the number of pages freed because of swap slot free - notifications - b) the number of pages freed because of - REQ_OP_DISCARD requests sent by bio. The former ones are - sent to a swap block device when a swap slot is freed, - which implies that this disk is being used as a swap disk. - - The latter ones are sent by filesystem mounted with - discard option, whenever some data blocks are getting - discarded. - ============= ============================================================= - -File /sys/block/zram<id>/mm_stat - -The stat file represents device's mm statistics. It consists of a single -line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace: - - ================ ============================================================= - orig_data_size uncompressed size of data stored in this disk. - This excludes same-element-filled pages (same_pages) since - no memory is allocated for them. - Unit: bytes - compr_data_size compressed size of data stored in this disk - mem_used_total the amount of memory allocated for this disk. This - includes allocator fragmentation and metadata overhead, - allocated for this disk. So, allocator space efficiency - can be calculated using compr_data_size and this statistic. - Unit: bytes - mem_limit the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store - the compressed data - mem_used_max the maximum amount of memory zram have consumed to - store the data - same_pages the number of same element filled pages written to this disk. - No memory is allocated for such pages. - pages_compacted the number of pages freed during compaction - huge_pages the number of incompressible pages - ================ ============================================================= - -File /sys/block/zram<id>/bd_stat - -The stat file represents device's backing device statistics. It consists of -a single line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace: - - ============== ============================================================= - bd_count size of data written in backing device. - Unit: 4K bytes - bd_reads the number of reads from backing device - Unit: 4K bytes - bd_writes the number of writes to backing device - Unit: 4K bytes - ============== ============================================================= - -9) Deactivate -============= - -:: - - swapoff /dev/zram0 - umount /dev/zram1 - -10) Reset -========= - - Write any positive value to 'reset' sysfs node:: - - echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/reset - echo 1 > /sys/block/zram1/reset - - This frees all the memory allocated for the given device and - resets the disksize to zero. You must set the disksize again - before reusing the device. - -Optional Feature -================ - -writeback ---------- - -With CONFIG_ZRAM_WRITEBACK, zram can write idle/incompressible page -to backing storage rather than keeping it in memory. -To use the feature, admin should set up backing device via:: - - echo /dev/sda5 > /sys/block/zramX/backing_dev - -before disksize setting. It supports only partition at this moment. -If admin want to use incompressible page writeback, they could do via:: - - echo huge > /sys/block/zramX/write - -To use idle page writeback, first, user need to declare zram pages -as idle:: - - echo all > /sys/block/zramX/idle - -From now on, any pages on zram are idle pages. The idle mark -will be removed until someone request access of the block. -IOW, unless there is access request, those pages are still idle pages. - -Admin can request writeback of those idle pages at right timing via:: - - echo idle > /sys/block/zramX/writeback - -With the command, zram writeback idle pages from memory to the storage. - -If there are lots of write IO with flash device, potentially, it has -flash wearout problem so that admin needs to design write limitation -to guarantee storage health for entire product life. - -To overcome the concern, zram supports "writeback_limit" feature. -The "writeback_limit_enable"'s default value is 0 so that it doesn't limit -any writeback. IOW, if admin want to apply writeback budget, he should -enable writeback_limit_enable via:: - - $ echo 1 > /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit_enable - -Once writeback_limit_enable is set, zram doesn't allow any writeback -until admin set the budget via /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit. - -(If admin doesn't enable writeback_limit_enable, writeback_limit's value -assigned via /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit is meaninless.) - -If admin want to limit writeback as per-day 400M, he could do it -like below:: - - $ MB_SHIFT=20 - $ 4K_SHIFT=12 - $ echo $((400<<MB_SHIFT>>4K_SHIFT)) > \ - /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit. - $ echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit_enable - -If admin want to allow further write again once the bugdet is exausted, -he could do it like below:: - - $ echo $((400<<MB_SHIFT>>4K_SHIFT)) > \ - /sys/block/zram0/writeback_limit - -If admin want to see remaining writeback budget since he set:: - - $ cat /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit - -If admin want to disable writeback limit, he could do:: - - $ echo 0 > /sys/block/zramX/writeback_limit_enable - -The writeback_limit count will reset whenever you reset zram(e.g., -system reboot, echo 1 > /sys/block/zramX/reset) so keeping how many of -writeback happened until you reset the zram to allocate extra writeback -budget in next setting is user's job. - -If admin want to measure writeback count in a certain period, he could -know it via /sys/block/zram0/bd_stat's 3rd column. - -memory tracking -=============== - -With CONFIG_ZRAM_MEMORY_TRACKING, user can know information of the -zram block. It could be useful to catch cold or incompressible -pages of the process with*pagemap. - -If you enable the feature, you could see block state via -/sys/kernel/debug/zram/zram0/block_state". The output is as follows:: - - 300 75.033841 .wh. - 301 63.806904 s... - 302 63.806919 ..hi - -First column - zram's block index. -Second column - access time since the system was booted -Third column - state of the block: - - s: - same page - w: - written page to backing store - h: - huge page - i: - idle page - -First line of above example says 300th block is accessed at 75.033841sec -and the block's state is huge so it is written back to the backing -storage. It's a debugging feature so anyone shouldn't rely on it to work -properly. - -Nitin Gupta -ngupta@vflare.org |
