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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/vm')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/vm/numa_memory_policy.txt | 533 |
1 files changed, 283 insertions, 250 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/numa_memory_policy.txt b/Documentation/vm/numa_memory_policy.txt index 622b927816e7..8cd942ca114e 100644 --- a/Documentation/vm/numa_memory_policy.txt +++ b/Documentation/vm/numa_memory_policy.txt @@ -1,5 +1,11 @@ +.. _numa_memory_policy: + +=================== +Linux Memory Policy +=================== What is Linux Memory Policy? +============================ In the Linux kernel, "memory policy" determines from which node the kernel will allocate memory in a NUMA system or in an emulated NUMA system. Linux has @@ -9,35 +15,36 @@ document attempts to describe the concepts and APIs of the 2.6 memory policy support. Memory policies should not be confused with cpusets -(Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt) +(``Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt``) which is an administrative mechanism for restricting the nodes from which memory may be allocated by a set of processes. Memory policies are a programming interface that a NUMA-aware application can take advantage of. When both cpusets and policies are applied to a task, the restrictions of the cpuset -takes priority. See "MEMORY POLICIES AND CPUSETS" below for more details. +takes priority. See :ref:`Memory Policies and cpusets <mem_pol_and_cpusets>` +below for more details. -MEMORY POLICY CONCEPTS +Memory Policy Concepts +====================== Scope of Memory Policies +------------------------ The Linux kernel supports _scopes_ of memory policy, described here from most general to most specific: - System Default Policy: this policy is "hard coded" into the kernel. It - is the policy that governs all page allocations that aren't controlled - by one of the more specific policy scopes discussed below. When the - system is "up and running", the system default policy will use "local - allocation" described below. However, during boot up, the system - default policy will be set to interleave allocations across all nodes - with "sufficient" memory, so as not to overload the initial boot node - with boot-time allocations. - - Task/Process Policy: this is an optional, per-task policy. When defined - for a specific task, this policy controls all page allocations made by or - on behalf of the task that aren't controlled by a more specific scope. - If a task does not define a task policy, then all page allocations that - would have been controlled by the task policy "fall back" to the System - Default Policy. +System Default Policy + this policy is "hard coded" into the kernel. It is the policy + that governs all page allocations that aren't controlled by + one of the more specific policy scopes discussed below. When + the system is "up and running", the system default policy will + use "local allocation" described below. However, during boot + up, the system default policy will be set to interleave + allocations across all nodes with "sufficient" memory, so as + not to overload the initial boot node with boot-time + allocations. + +Task/Process Policy + this is an optional, per-task policy. When defined for a specific task, this policy controls all page allocations made by or on behalf of the task that aren't controlled by a more specific scope. If a task does not define a task policy, then all page allocations that would have been controlled by the task policy "fall back" to the System Default Policy. The task policy applies to the entire address space of a task. Thus, it is inheritable, and indeed is inherited, across both fork() @@ -58,56 +65,66 @@ most general to most specific: changes its task policy remain where they were allocated based on the policy at the time they were allocated. - VMA Policy: A "VMA" or "Virtual Memory Area" refers to a range of a task's - virtual address space. A task may define a specific policy for a range - of its virtual address space. See the MEMORY POLICIES APIS section, - below, for an overview of the mbind() system call used to set a VMA - policy. - - A VMA policy will govern the allocation of pages that back this region of - the address space. Any regions of the task's address space that don't - have an explicit VMA policy will fall back to the task policy, which may - itself fall back to the System Default Policy. - - VMA policies have a few complicating details: - - VMA policy applies ONLY to anonymous pages. These include pages - allocated for anonymous segments, such as the task stack and heap, and - any regions of the address space mmap()ed with the MAP_ANONYMOUS flag. - If a VMA policy is applied to a file mapping, it will be ignored if - the mapping used the MAP_SHARED flag. If the file mapping used the - MAP_PRIVATE flag, the VMA policy will only be applied when an - anonymous page is allocated on an attempt to write to the mapping-- - i.e., at Copy-On-Write. - - VMA policies are shared between all tasks that share a virtual address - space--a.k.a. threads--independent of when the policy is installed; and - they are inherited across fork(). However, because VMA policies refer - to a specific region of a task's address space, and because the address - space is discarded and recreated on exec*(), VMA policies are NOT - inheritable across exec(). Thus, only NUMA-aware applications may - use VMA policies. - - A task may install a new VMA policy on a sub-range of a previously - mmap()ed region. When this happens, Linux splits the existing virtual - memory area into 2 or 3 VMAs, each with it's own policy. - - By default, VMA policy applies only to pages allocated after the policy - is installed. Any pages already faulted into the VMA range remain - where they were allocated based on the policy at the time they were - allocated. However, since 2.6.16, Linux supports page migration via - the mbind() system call, so that page contents can be moved to match - a newly installed policy. - - Shared Policy: Conceptually, shared policies apply to "memory objects" - mapped shared into one or more tasks' distinct address spaces. An - application installs a shared policies the same way as VMA policies--using - the mbind() system call specifying a range of virtual addresses that map - the shared object. However, unlike VMA policies, which can be considered - to be an attribute of a range of a task's address space, shared policies - apply directly to the shared object. Thus, all tasks that attach to the - object share the policy, and all pages allocated for the shared object, - by any task, will obey the shared policy. +.. _vma_policy: + +VMA Policy + A "VMA" or "Virtual Memory Area" refers to a range of a task's + virtual address space. A task may define a specific policy for a range + of its virtual address space. See the MEMORY POLICIES APIS section, + below, for an overview of the mbind() system call used to set a VMA + policy. + + A VMA policy will govern the allocation of pages that back + this region ofthe address space. Any regions of the task's + address space that don't have an explicit VMA policy will fall + back to the task policy, which may itself fall back to the + System Default Policy. + + VMA policies have a few complicating details: + + * VMA policy applies ONLY to anonymous pages. These include + pages allocated for anonymous segments, such as the task + stack and heap, and any regions of the address space + mmap()ed with the MAP_ANONYMOUS flag. If a VMA policy is + applied to a file mapping, it will be ignored if the mapping + used the MAP_SHARED flag. If the file mapping used the + MAP_PRIVATE flag, the VMA policy will only be applied when + an anonymous page is allocated on an attempt to write to the + mapping-- i.e., at Copy-On-Write. + + * VMA policies are shared between all tasks that share a + virtual address space--a.k.a. threads--independent of when + the policy is installed; and they are inherited across + fork(). However, because VMA policies refer to a specific + region of a task's address space, and because the address + space is discarded and recreated on exec*(), VMA policies + are NOT inheritable across exec(). Thus, only NUMA-aware + applications may use VMA policies. + + * A task may install a new VMA policy on a sub-range of a + previously mmap()ed region. When this happens, Linux splits + the existing virtual memory area into 2 or 3 VMAs, each with + it's own policy. + + * By default, VMA policy applies only to pages allocated after + the policy is installed. Any pages already faulted into the + VMA range remain where they were allocated based on the + policy at the time they were allocated. However, since + 2.6.16, Linux supports page migration via the mbind() system + call, so that page contents can be moved to match a newly + installed policy. + +Shared Policy + Conceptually, shared policies apply to "memory objects" mapped + shared into one or more tasks' distinct address spaces. An + application installs a shared policies the same way as VMA + policies--using the mbind() system call specifying a range of + virtual addresses that map the shared object. However, unlike + VMA policies, which can be considered to be an attribute of a + range of a task's address space, shared policies apply + directly to the shared object. Thus, all tasks that attach to + the object share the policy, and all pages allocated for the + shared object, by any task, will obey the shared policy. As of 2.6.22, only shared memory segments, created by shmget() or mmap(MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_SHARED), support shared policy. When shared @@ -118,11 +135,12 @@ most general to most specific: Although hugetlbfs segments now support lazy allocation, their support for shared policy has not been completed. - As mentioned above [re: VMA policies], allocations of page cache - pages for regular files mmap()ed with MAP_SHARED ignore any VMA - policy installed on the virtual address range backed by the shared - file mapping. Rather, shared page cache pages, including pages backing - private mappings that have not yet been written by the task, follow + As mentioned above :ref:`VMA policies <vma_policy>`, + allocations of page cache pages for regular files mmap()ed + with MAP_SHARED ignore any VMA policy installed on the virtual + address range backed by the shared file mapping. Rather, + shared page cache pages, including pages backing private + mappings that have not yet been written by the task, follow task policy, if any, else System Default Policy. The shared policy infrastructure supports different policies on subset @@ -135,164 +153,175 @@ most general to most specific: one or more ranges of the region. Components of Memory Policies - - A Linux memory policy consists of a "mode", optional mode flags, and an - optional set of nodes. The mode determines the behavior of the policy, - the optional mode flags determine the behavior of the mode, and the - optional set of nodes can be viewed as the arguments to the policy - behavior. - - Internally, memory policies are implemented by a reference counted - structure, struct mempolicy. Details of this structure will be discussed - in context, below, as required to explain the behavior. - - Linux memory policy supports the following 4 behavioral modes: - - Default Mode--MPOL_DEFAULT: This mode is only used in the memory - policy APIs. Internally, MPOL_DEFAULT is converted to the NULL - memory policy in all policy scopes. Any existing non-default policy - will simply be removed when MPOL_DEFAULT is specified. As a result, - MPOL_DEFAULT means "fall back to the next most specific policy scope." - - For example, a NULL or default task policy will fall back to the - system default policy. A NULL or default vma policy will fall - back to the task policy. - - When specified in one of the memory policy APIs, the Default mode - does not use the optional set of nodes. - - It is an error for the set of nodes specified for this policy to - be non-empty. - - MPOL_BIND: This mode specifies that memory must come from the - set of nodes specified by the policy. Memory will be allocated from - the node in the set with sufficient free memory that is closest to - the node where the allocation takes place. - - MPOL_PREFERRED: This mode specifies that the allocation should be - attempted from the single node specified in the policy. If that - allocation fails, the kernel will search other nodes, in order of - increasing distance from the preferred node based on information - provided by the platform firmware. - - Internally, the Preferred policy uses a single node--the - preferred_node member of struct mempolicy. When the internal - mode flag MPOL_F_LOCAL is set, the preferred_node is ignored and - the policy is interpreted as local allocation. "Local" allocation - policy can be viewed as a Preferred policy that starts at the node - containing the cpu where the allocation takes place. - - It is possible for the user to specify that local allocation is - always preferred by passing an empty nodemask with this mode. - If an empty nodemask is passed, the policy cannot use the - MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES or MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES flags described - below. - - MPOL_INTERLEAVED: This mode specifies that page allocations be - interleaved, on a page granularity, across the nodes specified in - the policy. This mode also behaves slightly differently, based on - the context where it is used: - - For allocation of anonymous pages and shared memory pages, - Interleave mode indexes the set of nodes specified by the policy - using the page offset of the faulting address into the segment - [VMA] containing the address modulo the number of nodes specified - by the policy. It then attempts to allocate a page, starting at - the selected node, as if the node had been specified by a Preferred - policy or had been selected by a local allocation. That is, - allocation will follow the per node zonelist. - - For allocation of page cache pages, Interleave mode indexes the set - of nodes specified by the policy using a node counter maintained - per task. This counter wraps around to the lowest specified node - after it reaches the highest specified node. This will tend to - spread the pages out over the nodes specified by the policy based - on the order in which they are allocated, rather than based on any - page offset into an address range or file. During system boot up, - the temporary interleaved system default policy works in this - mode. - - Linux memory policy supports the following optional mode flags: - - MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES: This flag specifies that the nodemask passed by +----------------------------- + +A Linux memory policy consists of a "mode", optional mode flags, and +an optional set of nodes. The mode determines the behavior of the +policy, the optional mode flags determine the behavior of the mode, +and the optional set of nodes can be viewed as the arguments to the +policy behavior. + +Internally, memory policies are implemented by a reference counted +structure, struct mempolicy. Details of this structure will be +discussed in context, below, as required to explain the behavior. + +Linux memory policy supports the following 4 behavioral modes: + +Default Mode--MPOL_DEFAULT + This mode is only used in the memory policy APIs. Internally, + MPOL_DEFAULT is converted to the NULL memory policy in all + policy scopes. Any existing non-default policy will simply be + removed when MPOL_DEFAULT is specified. As a result, + MPOL_DEFAULT means "fall back to the next most specific policy + scope." + + For example, a NULL or default task policy will fall back to the + system default policy. A NULL or default vma policy will fall + back to the task policy. + + When specified in one of the memory policy APIs, the Default mode + does not use the optional set of nodes. + + It is an error for the set of nodes specified for this policy to + be non-empty. + +MPOL_BIND + This mode specifies that memory must come from the set of + nodes specified by the policy. Memory will be allocated from + the node in the set with sufficient free memory that is + closest to the node where the allocation takes place. + +MPOL_PREFERRED + This mode specifies that the allocation should be attempted + from the single node specified in the policy. If that + allocation fails, the kernel will search other nodes, in order + of increasing distance from the preferred node based on + information provided by the platform firmware. + + Internally, the Preferred policy uses a single node--the + preferred_node member of struct mempolicy. When the internal + mode flag MPOL_F_LOCAL is set, the preferred_node is ignored + and the policy is interpreted as local allocation. "Local" + allocation policy can be viewed as a Preferred policy that + starts at the node containing the cpu where the allocation + takes place. + + It is possible for the user to specify that local allocation + is always preferred by passing an empty nodemask with this + mode. If an empty nodemask is passed, the policy cannot use + the MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES or MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES flags + described below. + +MPOL_INTERLEAVED + This mode specifies that page allocations be interleaved, on a + page granularity, across the nodes specified in the policy. + This mode also behaves slightly differently, based on the + context where it is used: + + For allocation of anonymous pages and shared memory pages, + Interleave mode indexes the set of nodes specified by the + policy using the page offset of the faulting address into the + segment [VMA] containing the address modulo the number of + nodes specified by the policy. It then attempts to allocate a + page, starting at the selected node, as if the node had been + specified by a Preferred policy or had been selected by a + local allocation. That is, allocation will follow the per + node zonelist. + + For allocation of page cache pages, Interleave mode indexes + the set of nodes specified by the policy using a node counter + maintained per task. This counter wraps around to the lowest + specified node after it reaches the highest specified node. + This will tend to spread the pages out over the nodes + specified by the policy based on the order in which they are + allocated, rather than based on any page offset into an + address range or file. During system boot up, the temporary + interleaved system default policy works in this mode. + +Linux memory policy supports the following optional mode flags: + +MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES + This flag specifies that the nodemask passed by the user should not be remapped if the task or VMA's set of allowed nodes changes after the memory policy has been defined. - Without this flag, anytime a mempolicy is rebound because of a - change in the set of allowed nodes, the node (Preferred) or - nodemask (Bind, Interleave) is remapped to the new set of - allowed nodes. This may result in nodes being used that were - previously undesired. - - With this flag, if the user-specified nodes overlap with the - nodes allowed by the task's cpuset, then the memory policy is - applied to their intersection. If the two sets of nodes do not - overlap, the Default policy is used. - - For example, consider a task that is attached to a cpuset with - mems 1-3 that sets an Interleave policy over the same set. If - the cpuset's mems change to 3-5, the Interleave will now occur - over nodes 3, 4, and 5. With this flag, however, since only node - 3 is allowed from the user's nodemask, the "interleave" only - occurs over that node. If no nodes from the user's nodemask are - now allowed, the Default behavior is used. - - MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES cannot be combined with the - MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES flag. It also cannot be used for - MPOL_PREFERRED policies that were created with an empty nodemask - (local allocation). - - MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES: This flag specifies that the nodemask passed + Without this flag, anytime a mempolicy is rebound because of a + change in the set of allowed nodes, the node (Preferred) or + nodemask (Bind, Interleave) is remapped to the new set of + allowed nodes. This may result in nodes being used that were + previously undesired. + + With this flag, if the user-specified nodes overlap with the + nodes allowed by the task's cpuset, then the memory policy is + applied to their intersection. If the two sets of nodes do not + overlap, the Default policy is used. + + For example, consider a task that is attached to a cpuset with + mems 1-3 that sets an Interleave policy over the same set. If + the cpuset's mems change to 3-5, the Interleave will now occur + over nodes 3, 4, and 5. With this flag, however, since only node + 3 is allowed from the user's nodemask, the "interleave" only + occurs over that node. If no nodes from the user's nodemask are + now allowed, the Default behavior is used. + + MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES cannot be combined with the + MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES flag. It also cannot be used for + MPOL_PREFERRED policies that were created with an empty nodemask + (local allocation). + +MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES + This flag specifies that the nodemask passed by the user will be mapped relative to the set of the task or VMA's set of allowed nodes. The kernel stores the user-passed nodemask, and if the allowed nodes changes, then that original nodemask will be remapped relative to the new set of allowed nodes. - Without this flag (and without MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES), anytime a - mempolicy is rebound because of a change in the set of allowed - nodes, the node (Preferred) or nodemask (Bind, Interleave) is - remapped to the new set of allowed nodes. That remap may not - preserve the relative nature of the user's passed nodemask to its - set of allowed nodes upon successive rebinds: a nodemask of - 1,3,5 may be remapped to 7-9 and then to 1-3 if the set of - allowed nodes is restored to its original state. - - With this flag, the remap is done so that the node numbers from - the user's passed nodemask are relative to the set of allowed - nodes. In other words, if nodes 0, 2, and 4 are set in the user's - nodemask, the policy will be effected over the first (and in the - Bind or Interleave case, the third and fifth) nodes in the set of - allowed nodes. The nodemask passed by the user represents nodes - relative to task or VMA's set of allowed nodes. - - If the user's nodemask includes nodes that are outside the range - of the new set of allowed nodes (for example, node 5 is set in - the user's nodemask when the set of allowed nodes is only 0-3), - then the remap wraps around to the beginning of the nodemask and, - if not already set, sets the node in the mempolicy nodemask. - - For example, consider a task that is attached to a cpuset with - mems 2-5 that sets an Interleave policy over the same set with - MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES. If the cpuset's mems change to 3-7, the - interleave now occurs over nodes 3,5-7. If the cpuset's mems - then change to 0,2-3,5, then the interleave occurs over nodes - 0,2-3,5. - - Thanks to the consistent remapping, applications preparing - nodemasks to specify memory policies using this flag should - disregard their current, actual cpuset imposed memory placement - and prepare the nodemask as if they were always located on - memory nodes 0 to N-1, where N is the number of memory nodes the - policy is intended to manage. Let the kernel then remap to the - set of memory nodes allowed by the task's cpuset, as that may - change over time. - - MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES cannot be combined with the - MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES flag. It also cannot be used for - MPOL_PREFERRED policies that were created with an empty nodemask - (local allocation). - -MEMORY POLICY REFERENCE COUNTING + Without this flag (and without MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES), anytime a + mempolicy is rebound because of a change in the set of allowed + nodes, the node (Preferred) or nodemask (Bind, Interleave) is + remapped to the new set of allowed nodes. That remap may not + preserve the relative nature of the user's passed nodemask to its + set of allowed nodes upon successive rebinds: a nodemask of + 1,3,5 may be remapped to 7-9 and then to 1-3 if the set of + allowed nodes is restored to its original state. + + With this flag, the remap is done so that the node numbers from + the user's passed nodemask are relative to the set of allowed + nodes. In other words, if nodes 0, 2, and 4 are set in the user's + nodemask, the policy will be effected over the first (and in the + Bind or Interleave case, the third and fifth) nodes in the set of + allowed nodes. The nodemask passed by the user represents nodes + relative to task or VMA's set of allowed nodes. + + If the user's nodemask includes nodes that are outside the range + of the new set of allowed nodes (for example, node 5 is set in + the user's nodemask when the set of allowed nodes is only 0-3), + then the remap wraps around to the beginning of the nodemask and, + if not already set, sets the node in the mempolicy nodemask. + + For example, consider a task that is attached to a cpuset with + mems 2-5 that sets an Interleave policy over the same set with + MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES. If the cpuset's mems change to 3-7, the + interleave now occurs over nodes 3,5-7. If the cpuset's mems + then change to 0,2-3,5, then the interleave occurs over nodes + 0,2-3,5. + + Thanks to the consistent remapping, applications preparing + nodemasks to specify memory policies using this flag should + disregard their current, actual cpuset imposed memory placement + and prepare the nodemask as if they were always located on + memory nodes 0 to N-1, where N is the number of memory nodes the + policy is intended to manage. Let the kernel then remap to the + set of memory nodes allowed by the task's cpuset, as that may + change over time. + + MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES cannot be combined with the + MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES flag. It also cannot be used for + MPOL_PREFERRED policies that were created with an empty nodemask + (local allocation). + +Memory Policy Reference Counting +================================ To resolve use/free races, struct mempolicy contains an atomic reference count field. Internal interfaces, mpol_get()/mpol_put() increment and @@ -360,60 +389,62 @@ follows: or by prefaulting the entire shared memory region into memory and locking it down. However, this might not be appropriate for all applications. -MEMORY POLICY APIs +Memory Policy APIs Linux supports 3 system calls for controlling memory policy. These APIS always affect only the calling task, the calling task's address space, or some shared object mapped into the calling task's address space. - Note: the headers that define these APIs and the parameter data types - for user space applications reside in a package that is not part of - the Linux kernel. The kernel system call interfaces, with the 'sys_' - prefix, are defined in <linux/syscalls.h>; the mode and flag - definitions are defined in <linux/mempolicy.h>. +.. note:: + the headers that define these APIs and the parameter data types for + user space applications reside in a package that is not part of the + Linux kernel. The kernel system call interfaces, with the 'sys\_' + prefix, are defined in <linux/syscalls.h>; the mode and flag + definitions are defined in <linux/mempolicy.h>. -Set [Task] Memory Policy: +Set [Task] Memory Policy:: long set_mempolicy(int mode, const unsigned long *nmask, unsigned long maxnode); - Set's the calling task's "task/process memory policy" to mode - specified by the 'mode' argument and the set of nodes defined - by 'nmask'. 'nmask' points to a bit mask of node ids containing - at least 'maxnode' ids. Optional mode flags may be passed by - combining the 'mode' argument with the flag (for example: - MPOL_INTERLEAVE | MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES). +Set's the calling task's "task/process memory policy" to mode +specified by the 'mode' argument and the set of nodes defined by +'nmask'. 'nmask' points to a bit mask of node ids containing at least +'maxnode' ids. Optional mode flags may be passed by combining the +'mode' argument with the flag (for example: MPOL_INTERLEAVE | +MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES). - See the set_mempolicy(2) man page for more details +See the set_mempolicy(2) man page for more details -Get [Task] Memory Policy or Related Information +Get [Task] Memory Policy or Related Information:: long get_mempolicy(int *mode, const unsigned long *nmask, unsigned long maxnode, void *addr, int flags); - Queries the "task/process memory policy" of the calling task, or - the policy or location of a specified virtual address, depending - on the 'flags' argument. +Queries the "task/process memory policy" of the calling task, or the +policy or location of a specified virtual address, depending on the +'flags' argument. - See the get_mempolicy(2) man page for more details +See the get_mempolicy(2) man page for more details -Install VMA/Shared Policy for a Range of Task's Address Space +Install VMA/Shared Policy for a Range of Task's Address Space:: long mbind(void *start, unsigned long len, int mode, const unsigned long *nmask, unsigned long maxnode, unsigned flags); - mbind() installs the policy specified by (mode, nmask, maxnodes) as - a VMA policy for the range of the calling task's address space - specified by the 'start' and 'len' arguments. Additional actions - may be requested via the 'flags' argument. +mbind() installs the policy specified by (mode, nmask, maxnodes) as a +VMA policy for the range of the calling task's address space specified +by the 'start' and 'len' arguments. Additional actions may be +requested via the 'flags' argument. - See the mbind(2) man page for more details. +See the mbind(2) man page for more details. -MEMORY POLICY COMMAND LINE INTERFACE +Memory Policy Command Line Interface +==================================== Although not strictly part of the Linux implementation of memory policy, a command line tool, numactl(8), exists that allows one to: @@ -428,8 +459,10 @@ containing the memory policy system call wrappers. Some distributions package the headers and compile-time libraries in a separate development package. +.. _mem_pol_and_cpusets: -MEMORY POLICIES AND CPUSETS +Memory Policies and cpusets +=========================== Memory policies work within cpusets as described above. For memory policies that require a node or set of nodes, the nodes are restricted to the set of |